Oils/waxes fuel properties

On occasion, the performance of an EVA copolymer can be enhanced by blending with a wax crystal modifier of a different chemical type. Wax crystal modifiers used to modify the crystal structure of lubricant, residual fuel, and crude oil waxes can be blended at low concentrations with EVA copolymers to improve their performance. However, the performance enhancement is usually fuel specific and not broad ranged. Also, the low-temperature handling properties of the EVA may be impaired when blended with other wax crystal modifiers. 

Fuel Properties of the Oils/Waxes from the Feedstock Recycling of Plastics... 

The pour point of a crude oil or product is the lowest temperature at which an oil is observed to flow under the conditions of the test. Pour point data indicates the amount of long-chain paraffins (petroleum wax) found in a crude oil. Paraffinic crudes usually have higher wax content than other crude types. Handling and transporting crude oils and heavy fuels is difficult at temperatures helow their pour points Often, chemical additives known as pour point depressants are used to improve the flow properties of the fuel. Long-chain n-paraffins ranging from 16-60 carhon atoms in particular, are responsible for near-ambient temperature precipitation. In middle distillates, less than 1% wax can be sufficient to cause solidification of the fuel. ... 

This procedure can be utilized to determine whether heavy fuel wax crystal modifiers will lose their performance properties after long-term storage at fluctuating temperatures. Daily heating and overnight cooling may interfere with the ability of some wax crystal modifiers to maintain their performance properties in some residual oils and crude oils. This loss of performance is frequently termed pour point reversion. The British Admiralty Pour Point Test can be utilized to help predict these reversion tendencies. 

Alkanes are used primarily as fuels, solvents, and lubricants. Natural gas, gasoline, kerosene, heating oil, lubricating oil, and paraffin wax are all composed primarily of alkanes, with different physical properties resulting from different ranges of molecular weights. 

As well as naphtha, some operations use gas-oil as the feedstoek. Gas oil is the crude oil fraction boiling typically at 220°C to 360°C, and some processing vacuum gas oils boiling typically at 360°C to 550 C. However, in some instances these crackers have been revamped to use the atmospheric column bottoms (sometimes called long residua) where the crude oil being processed has the appropriate properties of high wax (linear paraffin) content and low metal content (which otherwise promotes excessive coke formation). This material is often referred to as Low Sulphur Waxy Residual Fuel Oil (LSWR). 

Pour point is the lowest temperature at which an oil sample will flow by gravity alone. The oil is warmed and then cooled at a specified rate. The test jar is removed from the cooling bath at intervals to see if the sample is still mobile. The procedure is repeated until movement of the oil does not occur, ASTM D97/IP 15. The pour point is the last temperature before movement ceases, not the temperature at which solidification occurs. This is an important property of diesel fuels as well as lubricant base oils. High-viscosity oils may cease to flow at low temperatures because their viscosity becomes too high rather than because of wax formation. In these cases, the pour point will be higher than the cloud point. 

The above experimental results show that wax particles can affect the rheological properties of the interfacial film between the water and oil phases. In order to confirm these phenomena we added a synthetic wax to the jet fuel/syn-thetic formation-water system and took the interfacially active fractions from Daqing crude oil as emulsifier. The content of the synthetic wax in jet fuel was 5% and the melting temperature of the synthetic wax was 54-56°C. The results shown in Fig. 11 demonstrate that the interfacial shear viscosity increased as the temperature rose to the range between 20 and 30° C, and the interfacial shear viscosity decreased when the temperature was higher than 30°C. It is obvious that the presence of synthetic wax particles at the interface makes the properties of the interfacial film greatly different from those shown in Fig. 2. 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate CAS 103-11-7 EINECS/ELINCS 203-080-7 Uses Copolymer intermediate for resins and dispersions forfabrics, inks, glues, and adhesives cleaning and waxing prods. org. synthesis aq. disp. for nonwoven fabrics, textiles, and paper additives for fuel oils and lubricants syn. rubber and latexes plastics and syn. resins Properties APFIA10 max. clear liq. m.w. 184 sp.gr. 0.880 vise. 1.52 mPa s vapor pressure < 1 mbar (20 C) f.p. - 90 C b.p. 213.5 C ( 1013 mbar) flash pt. (OC) 92 C ref. index 1.433 Precautiorr Flamm. 

Uses Antioxidant, heat stabilizer for syn. rug-backing, latex paints, rosin, ester gums, in gasoline and aviation fuels, insulating oils, paraffin wax Features Primary antioxidant provides better thermal stabilization of polyolefins and lower vapor pressure than common antioxidants Properties Gardner 12 clear liq. sol. in abs. ethanol, benzene, MEK,... 

Ronningsen, H. P., Bjorndal, B., Hansen, A. B., Pedersen, W. B. (1991). Wax precipitation from North Sea crude oils. 1. Crystallization and dissolution temperature, and Newtonian and non-Newtonian flow properties. Energy and Fuels. 5 895-908. 

Extractives have various effects on other physical properties. Extractives with special characteristics, such as quinones, seriously affect the adhesive and finishing qualities of the wood (9.4.2). The nonpolar extractives with a lower oxygen content such as terpenoids, oils, fats, and waxes, affect the hydroscopicity, and permeability. This causes trouble in adhesion and finishing by the inhibition of the wetting of the wood. On the other hand, since these nonpolar extractives have high caloric value, they increase the flammability of wood and make these woods valuable as fuel. 

XI.1.1 The low-temperature flow properties of a waxy fuel oil depend on handling and ston conditions. Thus, they may not be truly indicated by pour point. The pour point test does not indicate what haqppens when an oil has a considerable head of pressure behind it, such as when gravitating from a storage tank or being pumped along a pipeline. Failure to flow at the pour point is normally attributed to the separation of wax from the fuel however, it can also be due to the effect of viscosity in the case of very viscous fuel oils. In addition pour points of residual fuels are influenced by the previous thermal history of the specimens. A loosely knit wax structure built up on cooling of Ae oil can be normally broken by the application of relatively little pressure. 

Uses Foam builder/stabilizer, emulsifier, dispersant, vise, builder, solubilizer for hard surface cleaners, dishwashing, shampoos, metalworking fluids, automotive specialties, fiber and hair conditioners, dry cleaning, agric. sprays, leather/fur preparations, emulsifiable waxes, rust inhibitors, polishes, paint removers, rug shampoos, fuel oil additives, textile detergents Properties Solid water sol. sp.gr. 1.00 flash pt. (PMCC) > 300 F pH 9.4 (5% aq.) Environmental Biodeg. 

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