Of residual oils

Field analogues should be based on reservoir rock type (e.g. tight sandstone, fractured carbonate), fluid type, and environment of deposition. This technique should not be overlooked, especially where little information is available, such as at the exploration stage. Summary charts such as the one shown in Figure 8.19 may be used in conjunction with estimates of macroscopic sweep efficiency (which will depend upon well density and positioning, reservoir homogeneity, offtake rate and fluid type) and microscopic displacement efficiency (which may be estimated if core measurements of residual oil saturation are available). 

Domestic fuel oils are those used primarily in the home and include kerosene, stove oil, and furnace fuel oil. Diesel fuel oils are also distillate fuel oils, but residual oils have been successhjlly used to power marine diesel engines, and mixtures of distillates and residuals have been used on locomotive diesels. Heavy fuel oils include a variety of oils, ranging from distillates to residual oils, that must be heated to 260°C or higher before they can be used. In general, heavy fuel oil consists of residual oil blended with distillate to suit specific needs. Heavy fuel oil includes various industrial oils and, when used to fuel ships, is called bunker oil. 

The delayed coking feed stream of residual oils from various upstream processes is first introduced to a fractionating tower where residual lighter materials are drawn off and the heavy ends are condensed. The heavy ends are removed and heated in a furnace to about 900 to 1,000 F and then fed to an insulated vessel called a coke drum where the coke is formed. When the coke drum is filled with product, the feed is switched to an empty parallel drum. Hot vapors from the coke drums, containing cracked lighter hydrocarbon products, hydrogen sulfide, and ammonia, are fed back to the fractionator where they can be treated in the sour gas treatment system or drawn off as intermediate products. 

Coal competes primarily in the market for low-cost boiler fuels. Coal is also characterized by a relatively low energy content per unit of weight (at best two-thirds chat of residual oil). Consequently, low-cost... 

Regional scarcities of coal initially drove these uses. As petroleum became more abundant and as its price fell, oil became more attractive. In firing boilers, fuel oil possessed only a slight advantage over good-quality coal in Btus per unit volume. But liquid fuels were much easier to handle and store than coal. Competitive pressures kept the prices per Btu of residual oil and coal quite close. 

The selection, injection, dispersion, metabolism, and persistence of organisms with properties that facilitate the release of residual oil... 

Determining the formation of residual oil saturation from the chromatographic separation of the water-soluble tracer and the partitionable tracer... 

The separated saltwater still contains certain amounts of residual oil, where now preferentially oil-in-water emulsions are formed. The separation of the residual oil is necessary in oil field water purification and treatment for ecologic and technical reasons, because the water is used for secondary production by waterflooding, and residual oil volumes in the water would increase the injection pressure. 

G. L. Stegemeier and G. E. Perry. Method utilizing spot tracer injection and production induced transport for measurement of residual oil saturation. Patent US 5168927, 1992. 

Ying, Z.-S. Gevert, B. Otterstedt, J.-E., and Sterte, J., Hydrodemetalation of residual oil with catalysts using fibrillar alumina as carrier material. Applied Catalysis, A General, 1997. 153(1-2) pp. 69-82. 

Muradov, N., Rustamov, M., and Guseinova, A., Hydrogen production by thermooxidative processing of residual oil, Nuclear-Hydrogen Energy Technol. Ser., 3(19), 34,1984 (in Russian). 

Muradov, N. et al., Environmentally compatible processing of residual oil with simultaneous hydrogen production, in Energy and Environmental Progress, Vol. D, Veziroglu, N., Ed., Nova Science, New York, 105,1991. 

Marine diesel oil (MDO) Grades DMB and DMC Grade DMB is blended from gas oils and a trace amount of residual oil. It has a minimum cetane number of 35 and a maximum viscosity of 11 cSt 104°F (40°C). Grade DMC is blended from gas oil components and up to 10% residual oil. It has a minimum cetane number of 35 and a maximum viscosity of 14 cSt 104°F (40°C). Marine diesel oil is used in both high-speed and medium-speed engines. 

Vanadium in deposit Indicates presence of residual oil vanadium can combine with sodium, potassium or sulfur to form compounds which can cause severe corrosion of engine valves reaction takes place at temperatures >1,100°F (593.3°C)... 

Obviously to remove large amounts of asphaltic materials, substantial quantities of clay would be required in both the percolation and hot contacting methods, and the adsorption process then may become uneconomical in the treating of raw residua. With the exception of residual oils containing low concentrations of asphalts, oils to be treated with clay generally receive some pretreatment—for example, with sulfuric acid followed by neutralization of the acid oil, or selective solvent extraction. 

The most outstanding development resulting from these investigations is the use of liquid propane for the selective precipitation of resins and asphalts. The development of the propane deasphalting process is a very important contribution to petroleum technology in the refining of residual oils and provides a method for substantially complete separation of lubricating oils from the asphaltic materials contained in the residua derived from any crude source. 

After extraction, these sheets may have about 10-20% of residual oil. It is impossible to remove all of the processing oil and lubricant from any of the mixtures, so at least a trace amount will remain in the final sheets. In formulations without fillers, the extruded sheets are preferably subjected to an extraction step. After extraction, these sheets may have only residual amounts of oil and lubricant. 

Automatic detection of equipment upsets allows field personnel to respond more quickly to such upsets and thereby minimize production downtime. At Conroe, any significant downtime could result in the loss of residual oil moving into the gas cap. Expansion of automation is expected to yield a 1.5 7 production increase from the previously nonauto-mated areas of the field. 

Cl] Cubic feet of gas at14,65 psia and 606F, per barrel of residual oil at 60°F. 

Barrels of oil at indicated pressure and temperature per barrel of residual oil at 60SF,... 

The total volume of gas removed during the entire process is the amount of gas in solution at the bubble point. This total volume is divided by the volume of residual oil, and the units are converted to standard cubic feet per barrel of residuaJ oil. The symbol RsDb represents standard cubic feet of gas removed per barrel of residual oil. 

The gas remaining in solution at any lower pressure is calculated by subtracting the sum of the gas removed down to and including the pressure of interest from the total volume of gas removed. The result is divided by the volume of residual oil, converted to scf/residual bbl, and reported as RiD. 

Other factors indicated m the data of Tables 1 and 2 include Pour Point—defined as the lowest temperature at which the material will pour and a function of the composition of the oil in terms of waxiness and bitumen content Salt Content—which is not confined to sodium chloride, but usually is interpreted in terms of NaCl Salt is undesirable because of the tendency to obstruct fluid flow, to accumulate as an undesirable constituent of residual oils and asphalts, and a tendency of certain salt compounds to decompose when heated, causing corrosion of refining equipment Metals Content—heavy metals, such as vanadium, nickel, and iron, tend to accumulate in the heavier gas oil and residuum fractions where the metals may interfere with refining operations, particularly by poisoning catalysts. The heavy metals also contribute to the formation of deposits on heated surfaces in furnaces and boiler fireboxes, leading to permanent failure of equrpment, interference with heat-transfer efficiency, and increased maintenance. 

The fundamental phases of petroleum production include (1) the initial exploration required to find heretofore undiscovered oil and gas reservoirs (2) primary and secondary recovery methods, which make use of both naturally occurring (or primary) reservoir energy and the application of secondary energy sources, such as the injection of gas or water and (3) enhanced oil recovery used to increase ultimate oil production beyond that achievable with primary and secondary methods. Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods increase the proportion of the reservoir by improving the sweep efficiency, reducing the amount of residual oil in the swept zones (increasing the displacement efficiency), and reducing the viscosity of thick oils. 

The Shell residual oil hydrodesulfurization process is broadly defined as a process to improve the quality of residual oils by removing sulfur, metals, and asphaltenes... 

Maini, B. Laboratory Evaluation of Foaming Agents for High Temperature Applications -III. Effect of Residual Oil on Mobility Reduction Performance in Proc. 37th Ann. Tech. Meeting CIM, The Petroleum Society Calgary, AB, 1986, paper CIM 86-37-01. 

Partial oxidation has more recently attracted attention because of its ability to utilize the least valuable portion of the crude oil barrel (3). Partial oxidation of residual oil generates synthesis gas with a hydrogen to carbon oxides ratio of about 1 1. To adjust the synthesis gas to the required composition, a portion of the gas stream is sent to a shift converter where CO and water are converted to hydrogen and CO2 according to the water gas shift reaction ... 

Coal liquefaction offers the utility industry an option, based on domestic energy resources, with which to meet its need for liquid fuels. In 1977, generation of electricity consumed, as shown in table 1, 188,000 BPD of distillate fuels and 1,469,000 BPD of residual oil. (1 )... 

The H-Coal process is a development of Hydrocarbon Research Inc. (HRI). It converts coal by catalytic hydrogenation to substitutes for petroleum ranging from a low sulfur fuel oil to an all distillate synthetic crude, the latter representing a potential source of raw material for the petrochemical industry. The process is a related application to HRI s H-Oil process which is used commercially for the desulfurization of residual oils from crude oil refining. 

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