Fuel oil grades

Residual fuel oil obtained by blending the residual product(s) from various refining processes with suitable diluent(s) (usually, middle distillates) to obtain the required fuel oil grades. 

Lighter fuel oil grades contain many of the same blend components as diesel fuel grades. Heavier fuel oils such as 5 and 6 contain vacuum gas oils and residual fractions. 

Fuel grade is based primarily upon the viscosity of the fuel and the intended application. Both diesel fuel and fuel oil grades exist. Diesel fuel grades and their intended applications are outlined in TABLE 3-12. 

Grades 1-D and 2-D are most commonly used in truck, railroad, and some stationary engines. Grade No. 4-D fuels are used in marine and certain industrial diesel applications. Fuel oil grades and their intended applications are outlined in TABLE 3-13. Federal diesel fuel oil classifications are provided in TABLE 3-14. 

Marine residual fuels bunker fuel oil Grades ISO RMA through RML marine residual fuel and bunker fuel are blended from components such as atmospheric resid, vacuum resid, visbreaker resid, FCC bottoms, low-grade distillate, and cracked components. Bunker fuel has a maximum viscosity of 550 cSt 122°F (50°C), density of 0.990 g/cc, and sediment of 0.1 wt%. ISO marine fuel oil viscosities range from 10 to 55 cSt 212°F (100°C). These fuels are used in slow-speed diesel engines and boilers. 

Fuel oil — Grades 2, 4, 5, or 6 fuel oils as defined in American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D396, Specifications for Fuel Oils. 

Fuel oil Grade. viscosity. Gross calorific value.BTU/lb. 

Specifications and test methods for heavy fuel oil (in France, FOL). The French specifications distinguish two grades FOL No. 1 and the heavier ... 

Heavy oil, ie, grade nos. 4, 5, and 6, and residual fuel oils light oils, ie, no. 2 heating oil, kerosene, and jet fuel and petroleum coke are deflvered at... 

Most limestone quarries use either 100% ammonium nitrate [6484-52-2] (fertilizer grade) and fuel oil (ANFO), or a combination of ANFO and ammonium or gelatin dynamite, for blasting (see Explosives and propellants, explosives). After blasting, oversized boulders usually are reduced to manageable sizes by drop ball cranes. 

The amount of water hy distihatiou hy Test Method D 95 plus the sediment hy extraction hy Test Method D 473 shall not exceed the value shown in the table. For Grade No. 6 fuel oil, the amount of sediment hy extraction shall not exceed 0.5 mass % and a deduction in quantity shall he made for all water and sediment in excess of 1.0 mass %. 

Where low sulfur fuel oil is required. Grade No. 6 fuel oil will he classified as low pour (-l-15 C max.) or high pour (no max.). Low-pour fuel oil should he used unless tanks and lines are heated. 

In the horizontal-tube box heater with side-mounted convection tube bank, the radiant-section tubes run horizontally along the walls and the flat roof of the box-shaped heater, but the convection section is placed in a box of its own beside the radiant sec tion. Firing is horizontal from the end walls. The design of this heater results in a relatively expensive unit justified mainly by its abihty to burn low-grade high-ash fuel oil. Duties are 53 to 210 GJ/h (50 to 200 10 Btu/h). 

Types of fuels ineluded True distillates (naphtha, kerosene, no. 2 diesel, no. 2 fuel oil, JP-4, JP-5) High-quality etudes, slightly eontaminated distillates Navy distillate Residuals and low-grade etude (No. 5 fuel. No. 6 fuel. Bunker C)... 

The reduction of SO, is best achieved by reducing the sulfur content of the fuel oil. Ship engineers arc required to replace high-sulfur fuel with expensive higher-grade oil fuel as their ships approach coastlines where strict pollution restrictions apply. 

The majority of today s turbines arc fueled wth natural gas or No. 2 distillate oil. Recently there has been increased interest in the burning of nonstandard liquid fuel oils or applications where fuel treatment is desirable. Gas turbines have been engineered to accommodate a wide spectrum of fuels. Over the years, units have been equipped to burn liquid fuels, including naphtha various grades of distillate, crude oils, and residual oils and blended, coal-derived liquids. Many of these nonstandard fuels require special provisions. For example, light fuels like naphtha require modifications Co the fuel handling system to address high volatility and poor lubricity properties. 

Heating facilities are required for all residual grades of oil fuels, such as Light Fuel Oil, Medium Fuel Oil, and Heavy Fuel Oil. Table 18.1 gives the recommended minimum storage and handling temperatures for residual oil fuels (from BS 28618 11870). 

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