Fuels crude oil

OptiSorb Encapsulate is a homopolymer powder that is designed to absorb petroleum and other hydrocarbon-based materials. According to the vendor, OptiSorb Encapsulate can be used on hydrocarbons such as kerosene, gasoline, diesel fuel, crude oil, transformer oil, jet fuel, and other chemicals such as benzene and xylene. Aqualogy BioRemedics states that OptiSorb Encapsulate can be used to clean up hydrocarbon spills on waterways and on land. Other uses of OptiSorb Encapsulate include use in industrial factories, storage facilities, and refineries. 

Free product Gasohne, jet fuel, diesel fuel, crude oil, heating oil, motor oil, lubricants Water Air Solid phases Solubilization Volatilization Sorption... 

KEYWORDS sulfur, fuels, crude oil, refinery, pipeline Introduction... 

Catchment basins or diversion structures are provided to intercept and contain discharges of fuel, crude oil, or oily drilling fluids. [ 112.10(c)] ... 

Fuel Crude oil Natural gas Hard coal Soft brown coal ... 

Will it resist the solvent action of products in permanent contact or occasional contact in the event of overflow, spillage, or breakage (e.g. aviation gasoline, jet fuel, crude oil, etc.) ... 

This test method covers the determination of ash in the range 0.001-0.180 mass %, from distillate and residual fuels, gas turbine fuels, crude oils, lubricating oils, waxes, and other petroleum products, in which any ash-forming materials present are normally considered to be undesirable impurities or contaminants (Note 1). The test method is limited to petroleum products which are free from added ash-forming additives, including certain phosphorus compounds (Note 2). 

Although distillation and elemental analysis of the fractions provide a good evaluation of the qualities of a crude oil, they are nevertheless insufficient. Indeed, the numerous uses of petroleum demand a detailed molecular analysis. This is true for all distillation fractions, certain crude oils being valued essentially for their light fractions used in motor fuels, others because they make quality lubricating oils and still others because they make excellent base stocks for paving asphalt. 

The properties of straight run diesel fuels depend on both nature of the crude oil and selected distillation range. Thus the paraffinic crudes give cuts of satisfactory cetane number but poorer cold characteristics the opposite will be observed with naphthenic or aromatic crudes. The increasing demand for diesel fuel could lead the refiner to increase the distillation end point, but that will result in a deterioration of the cloud point. It is generally accepted that a weight gain in yield of 0.5% could increase the cloud point by 1°C. The compromise between quantity and quality is particularly difficult to reconcile. 

The stocks used for jet fuel production come almost essentially from direct distillation of crude oil. They correspond to the fraction distilled between 145 and 240°C, more or less expanded or contracted according to the circumstances. The yield of such a cut depends largely on the nature of the crude but is always larger than the demand for jet fuel which reaches about 6% of the petroleum market in Europe. For the refiner, the tightest specifications are ... 

Other heavy fuel contaminants are metals (vanadium, nickel, sodium) coming from the crude oil itself or metallic salts (aluminum silicates) coming from catalysts in conversion steps. The aluminum silicates should not exceed 300 ppm (30 ppm of aluminum), for these materials exert a strong abrasive action on the engine cylinders and injection systems. They can however be eliminated partially by centrifuging and filtration. 

Simple conventional refining is based essentially on atmospheric distillation. The residue from the distillation constitutes heavy fuel, the quantity and qualities of which are mainly determined by the crude feedstock available without many ways to improve it. Manufacture of products like asphalt and lubricant bases requires supplementary operations, in particular separation operations and is possible only with a relatively narrow selection of crudes (crudes for lube oils, crudes for asphalts). The distillates are not normally directly usable processing must be done to improve them, either mild treatment such as hydrodesulfurization of middle distillates at low pressure, or deep treatment usually with partial conversion such as catalytic reforming. The conventional refinery thereby has rather limited flexibility and makes products the quality of which is closely linked to the nature of the crude oil used. 

Heat-transfer media Heat-transfer medium Heat-transfer oils Heat-transfer view Heat treating polyester Heat treatment Heavy crude oil Heavy-duty engines Heavy fuel oil Heavy gas oil Heavy metal Heavy metals... 

H. Shaw, C. D. Kalfadehs, and C. E. Jahnig, Evaluation of Methods to Produce Aviation Turbine Fuels From Synthetic Crude Oils-Phase I, Technical Report AFAPL-TR-75-10, Vol. 1, Air Force Aero Propulsion Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio, Mar. 1975. 

Crude oils with flash points below 311 K (100°F) have been used in place of No. 6 fuel oil. Different pumps may be required because of low fuel viscosity. 

Conventional coal-tar fuels from retorting Typical coal-derived fuels with different levels of hydrogenation Synthetic crude oils, by hydrogenation ... 

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