Fuel oils flash point

Also according to Van Dolah ammonium nitrate-oil mixtures offer a certain dust explosion hazard and any electric equipment (switches controls, motors, lights) located in the plant should conform to the safety requirements or should be installed outside the plant. In order not to increase the dust explosion hazard no liquid hydrocarbon fuel with higher volatility than No. 2 Diesel fuel (minimum flash point of 145°F, ASTM closed-cup procedure) should be used as an admixture to ammonium nitrate. More volatile fuels, such as gasoline, kerosine or No. 1 Diesel fuel cannot be recommended according to Van Dolah, as they would seriously increase the hazard of a vapour explosion. 

Furfuryl alcohol is comparable to kerosene or No. 1 fuel oil in flammabiUty, the Tag Closed Cup flash point is 170°F. In the presence of concentrated mineral acids or strong organic acids, furfuryl alcohol reacts with explosive violence. Therefore, precautions should be taken to avoid contact of such materials with the alcohol. Caution is also recommended to avoid over-catalysis in the manufacture of furfuryl alcohol resins. 

Flash Point. As fuel oil is heated, vapors are produced which at a certain temperature "flash" when ignited by an external ignition source. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapor, given off from a Hquid, is in sufficient quantity to enable ignition to take place. The flash point is in effect a measure of the volatiHty of the fuel. The measurement of flash point for pure Hquids is relatively straightforward. However, the measured value may depend slightly on the method used, especially for Hquid mixtures, since the composition of the vapor evolved can vary with the heating rate. Special... 

Crude oils with flash points below 311 K (100°F) have been used in place of No. 6 fuel oil. Different pumps may be required because of low fuel viscosity. 

The fuels consumed in the fire were treated wood, penta, and creosote (coal tars). Both are considered combustible liquids, with flash points above 160° F (CC). Vapor conditions within the headspaces of tanks can, however, reach explosive conditions, and the introduction of an ignition source resulted in spontaneous combustion. Under ideal conditions, creosote burns similar to crude oil, and in standard lab burn tests, has an average burn rate of 4 mm/min. There is no data on the burn rate of penta however, its vapors would have likely burned at much slower rates and a series of complex chemical transformations would have occurred. 

When the burner went out, the solenoid valve took a few see-onds to elose, and during this time some oil entered the furnaee. In addition, the line between the last valve and the furnaee may have drained into the furnaee. The flash point of the fuel oil was 65°C, too high for the oil to be deteeted by the eombustible gas deteetor. Even though the oil was vaporized by the hot furnaee, it would have eondensed in the sample tube of the gas deteetor or on the sintered metal that surrounds the deteetor head. 

Before relighting a hot furnaee that burns fuel oil with a flash point above ambient temperature, sweep it out for a period of time, long enough to make sure that any unburnt oil has evaporated. If this eauses too mueh delay, then pilot burners supplied by an alternative supply should be kept alight at all times. 

This term is used to describe oils that have a flash point above ambient temperature. They will therefore not burn or explode at ambient temperature but will do so when hot. Unfortunately many people do not realize this and treat heavy oils with a disrespect that they would never apply to gasoline, as shown by the incidents described below. Another incident was described in Section 12.2 (c). Heavy oils are widely used as fuel oils, solvents, lubricants, and heat transfer oils, as well as process materials. 

The aniline clo d point is a measure of the paraffinicity of a fuel oil. A high value denotes a highly paraffinic oil while a low value indicates an aromatic, a naphthenic, or a highly cracked oil. The flash point represents the temperature to which a liquid fuel can be heated before a flash appears on its surface upon exposure to a test flame under specified conditions. A knowledge of the flash point is needed to ensure safe handling and storage without fire hazards. 

The oil for an oil-base mud can be diesel oil, kerosene, fuel oil, selected crude oil, or mineral oil. There are several requirements for the oil (1) API gravity = 36° - 37°. (2) flash point = 180°F or above, (3) fire point = 200°F or above, and (4) aniline point = 140°F or above. Emulsifiers are more important in oil-base mud than in water-base mud because contamination on the drilling rig is very likely, and it is very detrimental to oil mud. Thinners, on the other hand, are far more important in water-base mud than in oil-base mud oil is dielectric, so there are no interparticle electric forces to be nullified. 

The flash point of an oil is the temperature at which it gives off, under specified conditions, sufficient vapor to form a flammable mixture with air. This is very different from the temperature of spontaneous combustion. The test is an empirical one and the result depends upon the instm-ment used and the prescribed conditions. For example, the flash point may be closed or open , depending on whether the test apparatus has a lid or not. As far as lubricating oils are concerned, the test is of limited significance, although it can be indicative of contamination (for example, the dilution of crankcase oil by fuel). 

The oil used should be of a volatile type, as the more volatile oils gives the greatest sensitivity. However, the use of petroleum fractions with too low a flash point is hazardous. The choice is, therefore, usually made of a fuel oil similar to those used for diesel engines. It is common practice to add a proportion of dyestuff to the oil, partly to make adequate mixing of the explosive immediately visible, and partly to assist the user in seeing proper loading of boreholes, particularly in salt and other white materials. 

Kerosene or sometimes referred to as Fuel Oil 1 is a refined petroleum distillate. Kerosenes usually have flash points within the range of 37.8 °C to 54.4 °C (100 °F to 130 °F). Therefore unless heated, kerosene will usually not produce ignitable mixtures over its surface. In atmospheric burning smoke production normally occurs. It is commonly used as a fuel and a solvent. In some applications it is treated with sulfuric acid to reduce the content of aromatics, which bum with a smoky flame. 

As for all petroleum products, considerations of safety in storage and transportation and, more particularly, contamination by more volatile products are required. This is usually accommodated by the Pensky-Martens flash point test (ASTM D93 IP 34). For the fuel oil, a minimum flash point of 55°C (131°F) or 66°C (150°F) is included in most specifications. 

No. 4 fuel oil a light indnstrial heating oil and is nsed where preheating is not required for handling or burning there are two grades of No. 4 fuel oil, differing in safety (flash point) and flow (viscosity) properties. 

Liquids with flash points from (1.068 X 10 sq m/s)] at 122°F (SOX) dry fuel oils, etc. Kerosene, light furnace oils, diesel 30... 

Fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace for the generation of heat, or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point below 100°F and oil burned in cotton or wool burners. The oil may be a distillated fraction of petroleum, a residuum from refinery operations, a crude petroleum, or a blend of two or more of these. 

Physical Form. JP-4 is a colorless to straw-colored liquid with the odor of gasoline and/or kerosene. JP-7 is a liquid, usually colorless and with the odor of kerosene. JP-4 can be made by refining either crude petroleum oil or shale oil. It is called a wide cut fuel because it is produced from a broad distillation temperature range and contains a wide array of carbon chain lengths, from 4- to 16. It consists of approximately 13% (v/v) aromatic hydrocarbons, 1.0% olefins, and 86% saturated hydrocarbons. JP-7 is made by refining kerosene, a product of refined crude petroleum. It was developed for use in advanced supersonic jets because of its thermal stability and high flash point. ... 

Flash point is considered to be an important specification for all finished fuels and oils. The flammability and combustibility characteristics of a material are directly related to the flash point. Also, fuel transportation codes require flammable compounds to be appropriately labeled for safety reasons. 

Fuel Oil/Bunker C CAS number Flash point IBP Safety profile 68553-00-4 180°F (82.2°C) 400°F (204°C) Vapors can cause respiratory system irritation and dizziness. Direct contact can be severely irritating to eyes and skin. 

The flash point, vapor pressure, and autoignition temperature values provide important information about the volatility of fuels and solvents. Likewise, the UN number, hazard class, and safety profile information of products provide information about the safe shipping and handling of fuels, oils, and solvents. 

Fuel Oil A general term applied to petroleum products used for the production of power or heat with a flash point >100°F (37.8°C). Fuel oils are typically classified as either engine fuels or burner fuels. 

Fuel Oils, Analytical. The following determinations were made at US War Planes during WWII 1) Specific Gravity 2) Moisture 3) Insolubles 4) Flash Point and 5) Pour Point Tests... 

It Ls important to note that a combustible liquid at or above its flash point will behave in the same manner that a flammable liquid would in a similar emergency. As an example No.2 fuel oil when heated to a temperature of 150°F can be expected to act or react in the same way gasoline would at 50°F. In most instances, however, to reach this elevated temperature will require the introduction of an external heat source. Some common examples of combustible petroleum liquids are given in Table 7. 

Fuel Oils Refined petroleum products having specific gravities in the range of 0.85 to 0.98 and flash point temperatures above 55 °C. This includes auto diesel, industrial heating fuels, various bunker fuels, furnace fuels. Refer to Chapter 4 for specific examples and discussion of properties. Fuel Value Refers to the amount of potential energy that can be released by a fuel during combustion. Expressed in units of BTUs per pond of fuel. Examples are asphalt (17,158 BTU/lb typical value), LPG (18,000 BTU/lb), wood shavings (8,250 BTU/lb). 

Fuel Oils Refined petroleum products having specific gravities in the range from 0.85-0.98 and flash points greater than 55°C includes furnace, auto diesel, and stove fuels, plant or industrial heating fuels and various bunker fuels. 

Oils, Fuel 6 — Fire Hazards Flash Point (deg. F) >150 CC Flammable Limits in Air (%) 1 -5 Fire Extinguishing Agents Dry chemical, foam, or carbon dioxide Fire Extinguishing Agents Not... 

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