Fuel oil composition

MFurther Srudies on Ammonium Nitrate—Fuel Oil Compositions , SthAnnSynp on Mining Research, Nov 19—20(1959), UnivMissouriSchool-Mifling 4) CondChemDiet(1961), 517-R St 8th Edit (1971), 403-R 3) US Spec W-F-815C... 

W.E. Toumay et al, Some Studies in Ammonium Nitrate-Fuel Oil Compositions ,... 

Refs 1) Perry (1950), 1568-1575 (Liquid Fuels) 4th Edit (1963), 9—24ff 2) Kirk Othmer, Vol 6(1951), 935—54 [Fuels (Internal Combustion)] 960—83 [Fuels, Synthetic (Liquids)] and 2nd Edit, Vol 14(1967), 835-67 (Petroleum) 3) R.W. Van Dolah et al "Further Studies on Ammonium Nitrate—Fuel Oil Compositions , 5thAnnSynp on Mining Research, Nov 19—20(1959), UnivMissouriSchool-Mitiing 4) CondChemDict(196l), 517-R ... 

You should find that for a given fuel oil composition, increasing the percentage excess air decreases the SO2 concentration in the stack gas. Explain why this should be the case. 

Whitehead, D.M., Finn, J.C. and Beadle, P.C., 1983, Studies related to residual fuel oil composition and the formation of burnout of particles during combustion. Erdol und Kohle-Erdgas-Petrochemie Vereinight mit Brennstofe Chemie, 36, 12, 579. 

Goldstein, H. L., and Siegmund, C. W. (1976) Influence of heavy fuel oil composition and boiler combustion conditions on particulate emissions. Environ. Sci Technoi, 10, 1109-1114. 

Uses Surfactant for formulating dry cleaning soaps, cutting oils, textile oils, leather oils, rust preventive and fuel oil compositions ore flotation collectors emulsifier for agric. sprays... 

Flash Point. As fuel oil is heated, vapors are produced which at a certain temperature "flash" when ignited by an external ignition source. The flash point is the lowest temperature at which vapor, given off from a Hquid, is in sufficient quantity to enable ignition to take place. The flash point is in effect a measure of the volatiHty of the fuel. The measurement of flash point for pure Hquids is relatively straightforward. However, the measured value may depend slightly on the method used, especially for Hquid mixtures, since the composition of the vapor evolved can vary with the heating rate. Special... 

Composition of synthesis gas from steam reforming natural gas and partial oxidation of fuel oil ... 

The ash deposits resulting from the combustion of solid and oil fuels often contain appreciable quantities of other corrodants in addition to vanadium pentoxide. One of the more important of these is sodium sulphate, and the effects of this constituent in producing sulphur attack have been mentioned. The contents of sodium sulphate and vanadium pentoxide present in fuel oil ash can vary markedly and the relative merits of different materials depend to a great extent upon the proportions of these constituents. Exposure of heat-resisting alloys of varying nickel, chromium and iron contents to ash deposition in the super-heater zones of oil-fired boilers indicated a behaviour pattern depending on the composition of the alloy and of the ash... 

Results from a pilot plant run by Toshiba, which recycles waste thermoplastics into fuel oil, have been sufficiently successful for the company to plan to launch commercial operations in the second half of the fiscal year, commencing in April, it is reported. Different pressures and temperatures during processing release oils with different compositions, and include heavy oil, kerosene and gasoline. Mixed waste can be processed without generating harmful gases, it is claimed. 

In a petroleum refinery a large number of different products are produced, and the demand for some of these products is seasonal. For instance, there is not much need for residential fuel oil in the summer. The price of products also varies from day to day. To optimize the company s profit, it is therefore necessary periodically to vary the amount of each product produced. This can be done by changing the amounts of material sent to cracking units and reformers and by changing the conditions in these and other process steps. Some petroleum companies provide a computer with the data on market prices, current inventories, and crude oil compositions. The computer output then specifies the operating conditions that will yield the greatest profit for the company. The computer could then make the changes in these conditions directly, or this could be done manually. 

Considering the composition of petroleum and petroleum products (Speight, 1994, 1999), it is not surprising that petroleum and petroleum-derived chemicals are environmental pollutants (Loeher, 1992 Olschewsky and Megna, 1992). The world s economy is highly dependent on petroleum for energy production, and widespread use has led to enormous releases to the environment of petroleum, petroleum products, exhaust from internal combustion engines, emissions from oil-fired power plants, and industrial emissions where fuel oil is employed. 

The composition consists of approximately 64% aliphatic hydrocarbons (straight-chain alkanes and cycloalkanes), 1 to 2% unsaturated hydrocarbons (alkenes), and 35% aromatic hydrocarbons (including alkylbenzenes and two- and three-ring aromatics). No 2 fuel oil contains less than 5% polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Residual fuel oil is generally more complex than distillate fuels in composition and impurities. Limited data are available, but there are indications that the composition of No. 6 fuel oil includes (volume basis) aromatics (25%), paraffins (15%), naphthenes (45%), and nonhydrocarbon compounds (15%). Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons and their alkyl derivatives and metals are important hazardous and persistent components of No. 6 fuel oil. 

Naphthalene and its homologs are less acutely toxic than benzene but are more prevalent for a longer period during oil spills. The toxicity of different crude oils and refined oils depends not only on the total concentration of hydrocarbons but also the hydrocarbon composition in the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of petroleum, water solubility, concentrations of individual components, and toxicity of the components. The water-soluble fractions prepared from different oils wiU vary in these parameters. Water-soluble fractions (WSFs) of refined oils (e.g.. No. 2 fuel oil and bunker C oil) are more toxic than water-soluble fraction of crude oil to several species of fish (killifish and salmon). Compounds with either more rings or methyl substitutions are more toxic than less substituted compounds, but tend to be less water soluble and thus less plentiful in the water-soluble fraction. 

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