FIRE FROM THE AIR

Ammonium Sulfate [7723-20-2]. This is a very inexpensive water-soluble salt used as a paper or wood flame retardant. In combination with ammonium phosphates, it is used in fighting forest fires from the air. In cellulosics, its acidity can cause discoloration and strength loss, so it is usually used in disposable items such as temporary decorations. 

The places from which pollutants emanate are called sources. There are natural as well as anthropogenic sources of the permanent gases considered to be pollutants. These include plant and animal respiration and the decay of what was once living matter. Volcanoes and naturally caused forest fires are other natural sources. The places to which pollutants disappear from the air are called sinks. Sinks include the soil, vegetation, structures, and water bodies, particularly the oceans. The mechanisms whereby pollutants... 

Normal laboratory glassware must first be washed and cleaned. It has to be rinsed with deionised water. The clean glassware is sterilised in an oven set at 200 °C for 1 1 hours. It is suitable to cover glassware with aluminum foil to maintain aseptic conditions after removing the glassware from the oven. If aluminum foil is not available, special heat-resistant wrap paper can be used. The sterile glassware must be protected from the air, which has micro-flora, or any contaminants. Avoid the use of any plastic caps and papers. Detach any labelling tape or other flammable materials, as they are fire hazards. 

Perafex. An Allied mechanical deception device produced during WWII. They would be dropped from the air and, on hitting the ground, would imitate the sound of rifle fire and the expin of hand grenades... 

For liquids boiling from a pool the boiling rate is limited by the heat transfer from the surroundings to the liquid in the pool. Heat is transferred (1) from the ground by conduction, (2) from the air by conduction and convection, and (3) by radiation from the sun and/or adjacent sources such as a fire. 

If the fuel is removed or consumed by the subject combustion process, no more fuel supplies will be available for the combustion process to continue and it will cease. In some cases, a fuel is not literally removed from a fire, but is separated from the oxidization agent. Foam suppression methods are good examples where the a barrier is introduced to remove the fuel from the air (i.e., oxidizer). Storage tanks and pipeline fires can use pump-out methods and inventory isolation, respectively, as methods of fuel removal. 

The other common source of process releases is leakage. Contained hydrocarbons will not bum unless an oxidizer is available, but once a leak is present adequate oxygen supplies are immediately available from the air. To prevent explosions and fires the integrity of the plant must always be kept at its highest and introduction of air supplies to closed systems must be eliminated. 

From these experiments it follows that the increase in weight of the calcined metals inside closed vessels comes neither from the matter of fire, or from any other substance from outside. It is only from the air contained in the flask that the metal borrows the substance that increases its weight, and converts it into a calx. What led Boyle astray was that he neglected to weigh the vessels before opening them, and he attributed to the matter of fire the increase in weight that really came from the outside air having reentered the vessel. 

The incendiary material should burn freely without exhausting too much oxygen from the air otherwise it will defeat its purpose as an incendiary. It must also burn completely without leaving a residue to insulate and thus prevent the surface on which it bums from catching fire. 

MgO and graphite. It was called K Pulver by the Ger Air Force. This propint was very suitable for high caliber guns, especially howitzers and mortars, but unfortunately, when fired from the same weapons as MG proplnts, it produced more flash due to the fact that larger charges were required with "G" Pulver... 

With regard to fire, it is to be noted that for the burning of things, it is necessary that nitro-aerial particles should either be already in the burning mass or be supplied from the air. Gunpowder burns very readily on account of the nitro-aerial particles it contains plants burn partly from the nitro-aerial particles they contain, and partly from such as come from the air but sulphureous matter, pure and simple, can only be ignited by nitro-aerial particles supplied by the air. ... 

The old phosphorus boxes contained preparations which absorbed moisture from the air with the evolution of heat. The resulting rise of temp, favoured combustion. For example, the mixture of yellow and red phosphorus, and phosphoric and phosphorous oxides and acids, obtained by blowing a jet of air into a flask with some warmed phosphorus, may ignite when exposed to moist air. The phosphoric oxides keep the phosphorus in a fine state of subdivision. J. Pelouze obtained a luminous mixture by melting phosphorus with phosphoric oxide, or calcined magnesia, or lime. M. Saltzer melted phosphorus with about one-third its weight of wax sent a jet of air into the flask until the phosphorus inflamed and then closed the flask. E. Benedix fused a mixture of powdered cork, beeswax, phosphorus, and naphtha. The mass fired spontaneously at 20°, or at a lower temp, if breathed upon. 

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