European concrete standards

These materials are known by various names. The European concrete standards refer to them as additions.I The ASTM classifies them as mineral admixtures. In the literature, they are also described as supplementary cementing materials, cement replacement materials, or... 

Table 8-4. Concrete requirements for durability according to European Pre-Standard ENV 206 (first column normal reinforced concrete, second column prestressed concrete).

CEN (1998) European Draft Standard prEN 12696-1, Cathodic protection of steel in concrete - Part 1 Atmospherically exposed concrete. 

Eurocode 2 (1997) Design of Concrete Structures, European Pre-Standard ENV 206 final draft. 

European pre-standard, ENV 1992-1991-1991 Eurocode 2 Design of concrete structures Part 1 general rules and rules for buildings, 1991. 

The European standard EN 206 [2] defines exposure classes related to environmental conditions as shown in Table 11.1. The environment is considered as the sum of chemical and physical actions to which the concrete is exposed and that result in effects on the concrete or the reinforcement or embedded metal that are not considered as loads in structural design. In this chapter, we concentrate on corrosion, whilst chemical attack is treated in Chapter 3. 

The European Standard EN 206 [2] deals with the requirements for concrete composition and properties in order to withstand environmental actions, which must take into account the intended service life of the structure. However, due to lack of experience on how the classification of the environmental actions on concrete reflect differences between countries (in Europe), EN 206 gives only recommended values and, furthermore, states that specific values are given in the provisions vahd in the place of use , that is, in national documents. Following the limiting values, the concrete is deemed to satisfy the durability requirements for the intended use, provided that ... 

ENV 13670-1, Execution of Concrete Structures, European Committee for Standardization, 2000. 

Reinforcing bars must fulfil several requirements regarding strength, ductility, bond to concrete, weldability, etc. To achieve suitable anchorage when embedded in concrete, ribbed bars are normally used. Mechanical properties that are relevant for reinforcing bars are elastic modulus, strength and ductility. For instance, European standards that deal with reinforcement for concrete structures generally pre-... 

A state-of-the-art document on reaUcahsation (and chloride extraction) was published by the European Federation of Corrosion [24] and technical information was provided from two European COST Actions [27,28]. Presently, CEN is working on a European standard for reaUcahsation of concrete. 

A draft European standard BS EN 1062-3 (1997) is under development. Vacuum tests which equate air movement with moisture permeability and other devices give approximate indications of the rate of diffusion (Whiting et al., 1992 Concrete Bridge Development Group, 2002). 

CIRIA Technical Note 141 (CIRIA, 1993) laid down basic requirements of shrinkage, expansion due to wetting and temperature, modulus of elasticity, creep, etc. These have been taken up in standards such as the European Standard on concrete repair BSEN1504 parts 1-10. This is discussed more fully at the end of this chapter. 

The alternative is to take cores and do laboratory tests of chloride permeability. This is slow, expensive and damaging to the structure. There is now a European Standard 1062-3 for water transmission through coatings for concrete (BSI, 1999). 

There is a systematic European standard to physical and chemical techniques for concrete repair of chloride contaminated structures. This is BSENl 504-9. Products and repair Systems for the Protection and repair of Concrete Structures - Definitions, requirements, quality control and evaluation of conformity. Part 9 General Principles for the use of products and systems. The earlier parts cover different classes of materials while part 10 covers site application ... 

A major European standard for repair methods, selection specification and installation is nearing completion with the publication of EN1504 parts 1-10. These documents are designed to meet the harmonized products directive and are principally concerned with the materials used in non-electrochemical concrete repair, their testing prior to use and the site application. Table 8.2 lists the standards. From the point of view of selection and application of repairs parts 9 and 10 are key parts of this standard. 

Publishes British and European standards on corrosion, concrete and concrete repair. 

In the European standards, above all inEN 197-1, another principle was adopted, dividing cement on kinds according to the quantity and kind of mineral additions. However, the division on class is common, independently of cement kind. These rules of division facilitate the classification of cements for concrete production, designated for constractions exploiting in different expositions. 

Many research were focused on the effect of fly ash, siUca fume and granulated blast furnace slag addition on the concrete freeze-thaw resistance. All these additions improve the freeze-thaw resistance, as compared with the concrete from Portland cement, however, on condition that all these eoncretes are air entrainment [80], Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete with fly ash ean be lowered in the case when it has high coal content. The limit value, increased recently to 9% (according to the European standard EN 197-1 2002/A3 2007), is too high and the 5% level should be maintained, as it was reeommended by the elder directives (previous standard EN 197-1 2002). The effeet of non-eombusted coal on the appUcabilily of fly ash is diseussed in details in Seet 7.4. 

The submitted paper is aimed at the development of methods applicable to the reliability assessment of existing reinforced concrete road bridges considering principles of the new European standards (Eurocodes)... 

In the European Standard EN206-1 (CEN 2001) the following commonly used compound criterion is used for the conformity assessment of a continuous concrete production ... 

As already evidenced in the above text, currently and at a European level, no well-established design and detailing calculation methods embracing all techniques have been developed for the on-site use of composite rehabilitation systems in timber and concrete structures. Nevertheless, the development of suitable design guidance standards is far more advanced in the case of the rehabilitation of concrete structures than of timber stmctnres. Therefore, for most applications the designers of timber structures composite rehabilitation... 

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