Explosives Phenomena

Title of a series of USBurMinesProgress Reports by C.M. Mason F.C. Gibson, Nos 1 to 8, beginning July 1, 1953 and ending June 30, 1955, OrdnProject TB2-0001, Army Project 599-01-004. This project was not really new but resulted from consolidation of two projects previously conducted separately as Fundamental Research on Explosives Phenomena and Detonation Involving Novel Photographic Methods , carried on respectively as Ordnance Projects TA3-5001 and TB2-0001 

Physics and Chemistry of Explosives Phenomena , which includes, among other items,determinations of initiation of detonation, electrical effects and luminosity accompanying detonation, detonation velocity and temperature of detonation 

Detonation, Explosive Wave Shaping by Delayed. M.M. Sultanoff discussed this subject at the Proceedings of the First Symposium on Detonation Wave Shaping (sponsored by Picatinny Arsenal) at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, June 5-7, 1956 

Detonation, Extinction oj. See under Detonation Attenuation, Break, etc 

Detonation, Eyring Absolute Reaction Rate Theory. See Absolute Rate Theory in Vol 1 of Encycl, p A4-R and in Cook (1958), p 134, Detonation, Eyring et al 

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M. V. Blank, P. G. Guest, G. von Elbe, and B. Lewis, Third Symposium, Combustion, Flame and Explosion Phenomena, WiUiams WUkens, Baltimore,... 

Our immediate and instinctive reaction to an impact or explosion leaves a mental image of utter chaos and destruction. There may be a fascination with the power of such events, but our limited time resolution and limited pressure-sensing abilities cannot provide direct information on the underlying orderly mechanical, physical, and chemical processes. As with other phenomena not subject to direct examination by our human senses, the scientific descriptions of shock and explosion phenomena rest upon a collection of images of the processes which are derived from a range of experiences. The three principal sources of these images in shock science—experiment, theory, and numerical simulation—are indicated in the cartoon of Fig. 3.1. 

Chapter 4 presents an overview of combustion and explosion phenomena as diis is vital to die nnderstanding of die condidons under which a DBA must fnncdon. 

Thomas, G. O. 1998. Explosion Arrester Testing State of the Draft European Standard. Paper presented at the 3rd Worldwide Seminar on Explosion Phenomena and Application of Explosion Protection Techniques m Practice, February 8-12, 1998, Europex, Ghent, Belgium. 

Comprehensive discussions on reactor stability theories and safe engineering problems were presented by Eigenberger and Schuler (1986, 1989), Zaldivar (1991), Barton and Rogers (1993), and Grewer (1994). The very basic theory developed by Semenov (1928) for zero-order reactions is very illustrative for a physical explanation of explosion phenomena. The theory enables evaluation of conditions at which thermal explosion will occur. 

Potential explosion phenomena include vapor cloud explosions (VCEs), confined explosions, condensed-phase explosions, exothermic chemical reactions, boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVEs), and pressure-volume (PV) ruptures. Potential fire phenomena include flash fires, pool fires, jet fires, and fireballs. Guidelines for evaluating the characteristics of VCEs, BLEVEs, and flash fires are provided in another CCPS publication (Ref. 5). The basic principles from Reference 5 for evaluating characteristics of these phenomena are briefly summarized in this appendix. In addition, the basic principles for evaluating characteristics of the other explosion and fire phenomena listed above are briefly summarized, and references for detailed evaluation of characteristics are provided. 

M F. Benington, Symposium on Combustion and Flame and Explosion Phenomena, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1949, p. 448. 

Explosion phenomena have occurred in all types of confined and unconfined units reactors, separation and storage units, filter systems, pipe lines, and so forth. Typical reactions that may cause explosions are oxidations, decompositions, nitrations, and polymerizations. Examples of chemical and processing system characteristics that increase the potential for an explosion are the following ... 

The explosive phenomena produced by contact of liquefied gases with water were studied. Chlorodifluoromethane produced explosions when the liquid-water temperature differential exceeded 92°C, and propene did so at differentials of 96-109°C. Liquid propane did, but ethylene did not, produce explosions under the conditions studied [1], The previous literature on superheated vapour explosions has been critically reviewed, and new experimental work shows the phenomenon to be more widespread than had been thought previously. The explosions may be quite violent, and mixtures of liquefied gases may produce overpressures above 7 bar [2], Alternative explanations involve detonation driven by phase changes [3,4] and do not involve chemical reactions. Explosive phase transitions from superheated liquid to vapour have also been induced in chlorodifluoromethane by 1.0 J pulsed ruby laser irradiation. Metastable superheated states (of 25°C) achieved lasted some 50 ms, the expected detonation pressure being 4-5 bar [5], See LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS, SUPERHEATED LIQUIDS, VAPOUR EXPLOSIONS... 

Drumheller, D. S., TOM MIX A Computer Code for Calculating Steam Explosion Phenomena, Rept. SAND-81-2520, Richmond (Va), USNTIS, 1982 A mathematical model of the processes leading to steam explosions has been developed for the contact of hot liquids or molten solids dropping into water. 

Williams, G.C., H.C. Hottel, and A. C. Scurlock. 1949. Flame stabilization and propagation in high-velocity gas streams. 3rd Symposium on Combustion, Flame and Explosion Phenomena Proceedings. Baltimore The Williams and Wilkins Co. 21-40. 

Refs 1) Progress Report No 3, Jan 1-Mar 31, 1954, Explosives and Physical Science Division, USBurMines, "Detonation and Explosives Phenomena 2) E.L. Kendrew E.G. Whitbread, "The Transition from Shock Wave to Detonation in 60/40 - RDX/TNT , 3rdONRSympDeton(1960), p 580 Fig 4 on p 582 3) W.R. Marlow, "Retonation Caused... 

Chemistry and Physics of Explosive Phenomena. See Series of Progress Repts entitled "The Physics and Chemistry of Explosives Phenomena , compiled by USBurMines, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, OrdnProject TA 3-5001, Jan 1948 to Dec 1953... 

Refs 1) C.M. Mason et al, "The Physics and Chemistry of Explosive Phenomena , USBurMines, Pittsburgh, Pa, ProgressRepts April-June 1951, Contract NA onr 29-48,... 

The Physics and Chemistry of Explosive Phenomena , USBurMines, Pittsburgh, Pa, ProgrRept Oct-Dec 1950 Contract NA onr 29-42, Project NR 053 047 [in the course of tests for detn of temp of deton by radiation method, observations were made on the propagation of the deton wave thru various thicknesses of the non-expl substances, of density ca 1.9, placed betw expl pellets ... 

Detonation (and Explosion), Phenomena Accompanying It. Cook in Chapter 7 of his book, pp 143-71 discusses the following phenomena accompanying detonation ... 

C.M. Mason F.C. Gibson, Detonation and Explosives Phenomena , USBurMines-ProgressReport No 7, Jan-March 1955,... 

Mason F.C. Gibson, "The Physics and Chemistry of Explosive Phenomena , USBur-MinesProgressRepts from Jan 1, 1948 to Dec.31, 1950, Contract NA on r 29-48 Project... 

Detonation and Explosives Phenomena , USBurMinesProgressRepts July 1, 1953 to June 30, 1955- OrdnProject TB2-0001,... 

Gibson A. Strasser, "Research.Program on Detonation and Explosives Phenomena , US-BurMinesRepts Nos 9 to 12 from July 1955 to June 30, 1956, OrdnCorpsProject TA3-5101, ArmyProject 504-01-015 38) H. Edels ... 

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