ASTM Classification System

The combination of contrast and granularity produces a signal to noise ratio which allows for direct comparison of various films. The classes have minimum values for eontrast and maximum values for graininess. The ASTM classification system employs the same parameters as the European Standard EN584-1 and ISO CD (see Table 1). 

The ASTM Glassification. The ASTM classification system was adopted in 1938 as a standard means of specification. This system is used in the United States and in many other parts of the world, and is designated D388 in the ASTM Standards (18). The higher rank coals are specified by fixed carbon >69%, or for volatile matter <31%, on a dry, mineral-free basis. Lower rank coals are classified by calorific value on the moist, mineral-matter-free... 

USCS) and started to be used in all civil engineering works. In 1966, it was adopted by the ASTM, and today, it is also known as the ASTM classification system (ASTM D 2487 2011). 

The basic UK soil classification system is similar to the ASTM classification system. 

The collective granular material could be type GW, GP or GM according to the Unified Soil Glassification System type A-l-a or A-l-b according to the ASTM classification system or type 6F1, 6F2 or 6F3 according to Highways Agency classification. 

TABLE 1— ASTM classification system for environmental factors in FGD systems. ... 

As an aid to making a preliminary selection, the well-known rubber industry ASTM Classification System has been used. Originally this was designed for the automotive industry in the USA. 

Some U.S. governmental lubricant requirements for nontactical equipment is now acquired as Commercial Item Descriptions (CID), rather than against specific military numbers. A new classification system for shear-stable, high VI hydraulic fluids was balloted by ASTM in 1994. 

Viscosity Glassifications. The general ISO iatemational viscosity classification system for iadustrial oils is given ia Table 4 from ASTM D2422 (American National Standard Z11.232). For high speed machines, ISO viscosity-grade 32 turbiae and hydrauHc oils are a common choice. ISO grades 68 and 100 are appHed for more load capacity ia slower speed machines where power loss and temperature rise are less of a question. 

Fig. 1. SAE J200 Classification system for ASTM No. 3 oil where in volume swell nr = no requirement. EPDM is ethylene—propylene—diene monomer HR, butyl mbber SBR, styrene—butadiene mbber NR, natural mbber VMQ, methyl vinyl siUcone CR, chloroprene FKM, fluoroelastomer FVMQ, fluorovinyl methyl siUcone ACM, acryUc elastomers HSN, hydrogenated nitrile ECO, epichlorohydrin and NBR, nitrile mbber.

Table 9 shows the classification system for blacks most commonly used in mbber. The ASTM numbering system is based on the fundamental particle si2e of the black. Particle si2e is deterrnined by several methods, including iodine absorption, nitrogen absorption, and light scattering. 

ASTM number Average particle si2e, nm Old classification system... 

Clay is the most important component of soil liners because the clay fraction of the soil ensures low hydraulic conductivity. In the United States, however, there is some ambiguity in defining the term clay because two soil classification systems are widely used. One system, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), is used predominantly by civil engineers.18 The other, the U.S. Department of Agriculture s (USDA s) soil classification system, is used primarily by soil scientists, agronomists, and soil physicists.19... 

The distinction between various particle sizes differs between ASTM and USDA soil classification systems (see Table 26.2). In the ASTM system, for example, sand-sized particles are defined as those able to pass a No. 4 sieve but not able to pass a No. 200 sieve, fixing a grain size of between 0.075 and 4.74 mm. The USDA soil classification system specifies a grain size for sand between 0.050 and 2 mm. 

The USDA classification system is based entirely on grain size and uses a three-part diagram to classify all soils (Figure 26.5). The ASTM system, however, does not have a grain size... 

ASTM coal classification system, 6 710, 712 ASTM coating standards, 9 717 ASTM copper strip test, 23 624 ASTM D 381 chemical stability test,... 

Few comprehensive classification schemes for CCP exist. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM 1994) classifies two catgories of fly ash (Class F and Class C) based upon chemical and physical properties of the fly ash (the total amount of Si + A1 + Fe, sulphate, loss on ignition). This classification system was developed for the use of fly ash as an admixture in concrete. More recently, new classification schemes have been developed that place emphasis on textural descriptions, the form of carbon (or char ), and the surface properties of fly ash (Hower Mastalerz 2001). These new classification schemes for fly ash may be the result of growing concern over mercury emissions from coal-fired boilers. Studies have shown that mercury adsorption onto the surface of fly ash particles is a function of both the total carbon content and the gas temperature at the point of fly ash collection (Hower et al. 2000). 

Determination of the volatile matter content of coal (ASTM D-3175 ISO 562) is an important determination because volatile matter data are an integral part of coal classification systems (Chapter 1) and form the basis of evaluating coals for their suitability for combustion and carbonization. The methods for determining volatile matter content are based on the same principle and consist of heating a weighed sample of coal (usually about 1 g) in a covered crucible to a... 

The fixed-carbon value is one of the values used in determining the efficiency of coal-burning equipment. It is a measure of the solid combustible material that remains after the volatile matter in coal has been removed. For this reason, it is also used as an indication of the yield of coke in a coking process. Fixed carbon plus ash essentially represents the yield of coke. Fixed-carbon values, corrected to a dry, mineral-matter-free basis, are used as parameters in the coal classification system (ASTM D-388). 

The classification of coal (ASTM D-388) depends on calculation of the volatile matter yield and fixed carbon values on a dmmf basis. Calorific values are calculated on a moist, mineral-matter-free basis. The Parr formula is used in the classification system to calculate the mineral matter from ash and sulfur data. 

Lubricant requirements and specifications. The development of North American classification systems for the SAE began in 1911 on the basis of viscosity alone. In 1947, the API (American Petroleum Institute) developed a performance classification system for engine oils in terms of regular, premium and heavy duty lubricants. By 1952, the API and ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) further advanced the system to generally classify engine oils. In 1970, the TRIPARTITE of API, ASTM, and SAE was established to manage a completely new API classification system, see Fig. 2.12 (Haycock, 1993). 

ASTM D1765-01, Standard Classification Systems for Carbon Blacks used in Rubber Products, 2001. 

The automotive and aerospace industries employ rigid classification systems to describe all the ingredients in the product and key performance requirements. They are defined in ASTM D2000 for rubbers and D4000 for plastics. 

We believe it is a good time to initiate a comprehensive classification system. The system would be oriented to the commercial user and not intended to be limited by chemical considerations, because in the practical world frequently more than one composition will perform an equivalent job. We also believe that such a system would encourage a healthier industrial growth situation. The present ASTM urethane coatings classification (l) covers chiefly the solvent types and is thus an extremely limited one from the viewpoint of the new developments in the past ten years. 

ASTM D 4066 Standard Classification System for Nylon Injection and Extrusion Materials (PA) ... 

ASTM D 4673 Standard Classification System for Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) Plastics and Alloys Molding and Extrusion Materials ... 

Site Classification Sites can be characterized regarding the nature and immediacy of potential impacts using a simple site classification system based on the ASTM RBCA Site Classification system (ASTM, 1995) ... 

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