European working standards

These collaborative studies have led to the establishment of European working standards. Consequently, the titers and potencies of biological products will be expressed with respect to the same reference standard. The existence of reference standards recognized throughout Europe enables national control agencies and manufacturers to avoid costly duplications of work on secondary standards that could otherwise lead to disagreements. 

Dr David Hucknall joined Leybold Vacuum UK Ltd in 1986 and has unrivalled expertise in vacuum technology. Since 1991 he has represented the UK on the European Working Croup responsible for drafting standards on leak detection. Dr Alan Morris, currently at the University of Southampton, has over 25 years experience in the field of gas phase UV photoelectron spectroscopy. He has contributed to the design and development ofspectrometers for the study of unstable species using a wide range of radiation sources. 

Furthermore, the employer is required, to use or to provide only work equipment and protective devices which are in compliance with the European Community provisions on design, manufacture, and supply with respect to health and safety. This includes consistency with the provisions of the EU directive 94/9/EC [6-23] dealing with equipment and protecting systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, and consistency with the existing European technical standards. 

Guideline for the work of all European National Standard Committees is to... 

For continuation of the work on standardisation in the field of NDT TD, Gosstandardt set up a Technical Committee on Standardisation Technical Diagnostics and Non-Destructive Testing (TC-78) This is a social organisation which unites the leading experts on TD NDT, and determines the priority areas of work, and qualified performers in the field of TD NDT Its main aim is unification of the standards of Ukraine with the European norms. 

In the United Kingdom, the Health and Safety at Work Act (1974) and regulations made under it require occupiers to provide a safe plant and system of work and adequate instruction, training, and supervision. In the European community, occupiers of major hazard sites are required to produce a safety case, which describes how hazards have been assessed and are kept under control. Many other countries have similar legislation, though standards of enforcement vary. 

With regard to the common European market, the European Economic Community (EEC) has undertaken numerous activities concerned with materials and material information systems. In one demonstration program for material databases eleven such databases from various countries in the EEC are being cooperatively developed with joint standards for terminology, data presentation, database access, and the user interface of search commands, aids, and menus. For the materials class of plastics, Polymat was selected to participate in this cooperative work. Interesting developments occur from which the users of central material databases in the entire EEC area can benefit. 

The integration of analytical methods in European standards requires their acceptance by several national experts within special working groups and in a final weighted vote of National Standards Bodies. Therefore, there needs to be very high confidence in the performance of methods. Consequently, methods should be tested in inter-laboratory method validation studies, with the exception of those multiresidue methods which are widely used throughout Europe. In the case of CEN methods there is no doubt about residue definition but detailed requirements about the number of matrices and concentration levels in validation experiments do not exist. Eor this reason it may be that CEN methods are validated for important crops only. 

If adopted by the national authority in question, the sponsor can seek marketing licences in other countries on that basis. For this bilateral phase, other states in which marketing authorization are sought have 60 days in which to review the application. The theory, of course, is that no substantive difficulty should arise at this stage, as all countries are working to the same set of standards as laid down in The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union . 

Occupational exposure standard (8 h daily, 40 h work week) in United States not to exceed in most European countries, Australia, and Japan 100-110 pg/L (0.25 mg/m3) 2, 4-6, 8... 

Safe Automation and ANSI/ISA 84.01-1996 served as significant technical references for the first international standard, IEC 61511, issued by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In the United States, IEC 61511 was accepted by ISA as ISA 84.00.01-2004, replacing the 1996 standard. In 2004, the European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) recognized IEC 61511 as a consensus standard for the process industry. IEC 61511 covers the complete process safety management life cycle. With its adoption, this standard serves as the primary driving force behind the work processes followed to achieve and maintain safe operation using safety instrumented systems. 

There are other international standardising organisations, most notably the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and AOACI, which follow similar requirements. Although CEN methods are not prescribed by legislation, the European Commission places considerable importance on the work that CEN carries out in the development of specific methods in the food sector CEN... 

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