European emission standards

Tables 13.2 and 13.3 show the European emission standards for passenger cars and for heavy-duty diesel engines.

The new European emission standards will apply to passenger cars with a maximum mass up to 2,500 kg having not more than 6 seats. The limit values and the effective dates are differentiated according to 3 categories of engine capacity. 

As mentioned before, the new European emission standards apply to private cars of not more than 6 seats and a total mass of not more than 2,500kg. It is this category of vehicles - except those cars having an engine capacity of less than 1.4 litres - with which European manufacturers have been able to gain experience of the technology required to meet the US standards. 

US federal, Californian and European emission standards in gkm"1 for gasoline fuelled automobiles (CH4 is excluded in the US and Californian standards)... 

Table 25.1 European emission standards for gasoline passenger cars (Category M ), g/km .

Table 11.1 European emission standards for light-duty engines in g.Km ...

Also, the electronic control-valve device s level of immunity to, and emission of, electromagnetic interference (EMI) can be an issue in the chemical-valve environment. EMI requirements for the control-valve devices are presently mandatory in the European Community but voluntary in the United States, Japan, and the rest of the world. International Electrotechnical Commission (lEC) SOI, Parts I through 4, Electromagnetic Compatibihty for Industrial Process Measurement and Control Equipment, defines tests and requirements for control-device immunity. Immunity and emission standards are addressed in CENELEC (European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization) EN 50 081-1 1992, EN 50 081-2 1993, EN 50 082-1 1992, and prEN 50 082-2 1994. 

Diesels are less than 1% of car and light truck sales in the U.S. But, they are more popular in Europe with its high gasoline prices. Their fuel taxes help to promote diesels and the emissions standards are less strict. Diesels are in almost 40% of the cars in Europe. By 2001 they were in most of the new cars sold in many European countries. 

In the Asian-Pacific area, only Japan has developed its own vehicle emission standard. Other countries have adopted the US system (Taiwan) or the European standards to different degrees (most other countries). But it should not be forgotten that the share of new cars applying to these standards in developing countries is comparatively low. 

According to the vendor, Alka/Sorb is capable of meeting the most stringent state standards for all emissions, including dioxin/furans and mercury. The vendor also states that AUca/Sorb is one of the few air pollution control systems capable of meeting stringent European Union (EU) emission standards. 

Limit value (LV) The limit at or below which Member States of the European Community must set their environmental quality standards and emission standards. These limits are set by Community Directives. 

Table 7. 3, US and European emission exhaust standards (cars)[g/mile g/km]...

As prescribed by the European Directive 94/12/EEC, the US EPA 1970 Clean Air Act, and other legal provisions, by the year 2000 pre-established emission standards must be complied with for all new cars. Cars registered as from 1993 are Ftted with catalytic converters for treating exhaust gases and thus signibcantly... 

US Federal Emission Standard in gram per mile. European standards are comparable to the 1991 values... 

European emission requirements Since the introduction of the Euro 1 standard in 1992 to today s Euro 4 standard, European emissions legislation has reduced light-vehicle diesel pollution from the combined emissions of CO, NOx, hydrocarbons and particulate matter by 82%, Fig. 9.1. Within the same timeframe, CO2 emissions have been reduced by 25%. Further cuts are targeted with draft specifications for Euro 5 and Euro 6. For passenger car diesel engine emissions ... 

European motor emission standards for light vehicles... 

Table 1 European motor emissions standards for vehicles... 

The survival and growth of the autocatalyst industry are linked to the existence and strengthening of exhaust emission legislation. The 1993 European Union emission limits for passenger cars have already been lowered finm 1996 and the process is underway to finalise the emission standards for the European Union for 2000 and 2005. Proposals for passenger cars emission standards and fuel composition, including sulphur levels, were issued by the European commission in late 1996 and published only in March 1997 (Tables 1 and 2). [2]... 

Exhaust gas catalysts has been widely used since the laimching of the 1970 Clean Air Act in the USA and especially after the introduction of stricter regulations in 1981. At present, one of the fastest growing areas of catalyst-based technology is automotive pollution control. All gasoline-fuelled vehicles sold in the USA, Japan and in the European Community must be equipped with exhaust aftertreatment in order to meet the emission standards. Oxidation catalysts for heavy-duty vehicles have only been used for a short period, but following the tightening emission standards there will be an increased demand for such systems. 

These proposals received the approval of the majority of the Member States at the meetings of their environment ministers of 20 March and 27 June 1985. However, since Denmark and Greece entered fundamental reservations regarding the future "European exhaust emission standards" agreed by the majority, it has not been possible even now to adopt this directive formally. 

The growing concern about the environment has led to a drastic reduction of emissions from the transport sector. Taking 1968 as a base level for gasoline-fuelled cars, the European commission standards for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrocarbons (HC) have... 

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