European working standards establishment

These collaborative studies have led to the establishment of European working standards. Consequently, the titers and potencies of biological products will be expressed with respect to the same reference standard. The existence of reference standards recognized throughout Europe enables national control agencies and manufacturers to avoid costly duplications of work on secondary standards that could otherwise lead to disagreements. 

HSE officials represent United Kingdom interests in health and safety matters throughout the international field. HSE involvement is primarily with the European Community and includes representation on working groups establishing common standards and practices. 

In 1999, a Working Group on Instrumentation in Electrochemical Analysis (WG 5) was created by the Technical Committee - Laboratory Equipment of the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN/TC 332). The standard relates to requirements for how to establish traceability between pH measurements performed by the user and the primary reference method using hydrogen electrodes. The revised IUPAC draft for pH is intended to serve as a basis for the new European standard on pH. It has been clearly stated that this standardisation work will not duplicate the work already completed by IUPAC or by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). 

In recent times, CENELEC (Brussels) started work establishing a zone 0 standard for electrical apparatus which resulted in European Standard EN 50284 1999-04 with the title ... 

CIE Publication 53-1982 (Methods of characterizing the performance of radiometers and photometers) and CIE Publication 69-1987 (Methods of characterizing illuminance meters and luminance meters Performance, characteristics and specifications) provide detailed information on this error source and much more. CIE Division 2 TC 2-40 is currently working on an updated revision of these publications. Presently no radiometric applications have reached this level of standardization. However, both the European Thematic Network for UV Measurements (6) and the CIE TC 2-47 (Characterization and calibration methods of UV radiometers), established around 1998, (To prepare a CIE recommendation on methods of... 

The development of vehicle electrical systems operating at a nominal 42 V and its standardization with ISO is underway. A working group of the European Vehicle Electric System Architecture Forum has prepared a draft standard for this new voltage level [58]. The 42-V level was chosen as a compromise between the demand for an increased voltage to achieve higher efficiency in electrical and electronic components and the exclusion of safety hazards, even under extreme operational conditions like load dump, etc. The term 42-V PowerNet , or simply PowerNet , is now established worldwide [9,11,59]. 

After some sustained work in this area, most notably the Standards, Measurement and Testing (SMT) Programme of the European Commission, the pitfalls that can be encountered when performing speciation analysis are better understood, and methods to evaluate and eliminate them are now reasonably well established. Publications dealing... 

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