Middle East

The 15W40 or 15W50 oils are the most widespread in temperate climates (Western Europe), while the 20W40 or 20W50 oils are used in relatively warm climates (Mediterranean countries. Middle East, South America). The 5W or lOW grades are used in countries having severe winters such as Scandinavia and Canada. 

The resulting vapor phase is called associated gas and the liquid phase is said to be the crude oil. The production of gas is generally considered to be unavoidable because only a small portion is economically recoverable for sale, and yet the quantity produced is relatively high. The reservoirs in the Middle East are estimated to produce 0.14 ton of associated gas per ton of crude. 

With a few exceptions reservoir rocks are sediments. The two main categories are siliciclastic rocks, usually referred to as elastics or sandstones , and carbonate rocks. Most reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea are contained in a clastic depositional environment many of the giant fields of the Middle East are contained in carbonate rocks. Before looking at the significance of depositional environments for the production process let us investigate some of the main characteristics of both categories. 

There are currently more than 6,500 oil and gas installations located on the continental shelves of some 53 countries. About 4,000 of these are in the US Gulf of Mexico, 950 in Asia, 700 in the Middle East and 400 in Europe. 

White wheat (WW) is a preferred wheat for noodles, flat breads, and bakery products other than loaf bread. WW, which includes both fall- and spring-seeded varieties, is grown mainly in the Pacific Northwest. This low protein wheat, usually about 10%, comprises about 15% of U.S. wheat exports, destined primarily for East Asia and the Middle East. Subclasses include hard white, soft white, western white, and white club. 

Gum tragacanth is obtained from the large tap root and branches of a small perennial shmb found in the Middle East, especially Iran. Chemically, it is a mixture of water-insoluble polysaccharides. It is stable to heat, acidity, and aging, and is used extensively in pourable low calorie salad dressings. 

Gum Arabic. Gum arabic [9000-01-5] is an exudate of the Acacia tree, found in the Middle East. It dissolves readily in water to produce low viscosity solutions. It is used in confectionery products, bakery toppings, beverages, fro2en dairy products, and dry drink mixes (86). 

There are large concentrations of proven reserves ia specific areas of the globe such as the Middle East, North America, and the Confederation of Independent States. Thus the future of natural gas, worldwide, is dependent on the flow of natural gas across international boundaries on a long-term basis. This future is also dependent on the maintenance of an economic balance between the price of oil and the price of natural gas. 

The demand for DRI varies depending on local market conditions. In industrialized countries, DRI primarily is used as a supplement to scrap for controlling residual elements in electric arc furnace steelmaking. In regions where scrap is scarce, DRI is used as a replacement in production of all grades of steel. In 1993, Latin America produced 9.4 X 10 t (39.3%) of the world s DRI. Middle East/North Africa produced 6.1 X 10 t (25.6%), Asia/Oceania produced 4.4 X 10 t (18.4%), and CIS/Eastem Europe produced 1.7 x 10 t (7.1%). North America produced 1.2 x 10 t (5.0%) Africa, 0.9 x 10 t (3.8%) and Western Europe, 0.2 x 10 t (0.8%) (1). Nearly 79% of the DRI produced is consumed in steel mills adjacent to the DR plants called captive plants. Plants which are designed to sell and ship DRI on the open market are called merchant plants. 

Paint is one of the most common and widely used materials in home and building constmction and decoration (see Building materials). Its broad use comes from its abiHty to provide not only improved appearance and decoration but also protection of a substrate to which it is appHed. Evidence of the historical uses of paint goes back over 25,000 years to cave paintings found in Europe. The Bible describes pitch being used to coat and protect Noah s Ark. Over 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, various minerals and metals such as lime, siHca, copper and iron oxides, and chalk were mixed and reacted to produce many colors. Resins from plant sap and casein were also used. Over 2000 years ago in Asia, resins refined from insect secretions and sap from trees were used to make clear lacquers and varnishes (2). 

By far the largest known concentrations of conventional petroleum reserves are in the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait (Table 1). The largest concentration of reserves is in the Burgan field (10.2 x 10 (64.2 x 10 bbl)) in Kuwait (10), which... 

Historically, the world s petroleum production pattern can be related to geologic, economic, and pohtical factors. In the past, many countries have had large excesses in production capacity, whereas in the 1990s, only countries in the Middle East, such as Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates, have, in the short mn, enough excess capacity to expand production of conventional cmde petroleum in any significant manner. In the Middle East, production of petroleum is over five times the region s consumption (see Table 4). On a much smaller scale, Africa produces far more petroleum than it consumes (3.4 times). 

Perhaps the most striking feature shown in Table 4 is the large imbalance between regional production and consumption in the Middle East as compared to OECD Europe. In 1992, the Middle East produced five times more cmde petroleum than it consumed, and OECD Europe consumed about three times more cmde petroleum than it produced that is, in 1992, the Middle East exported about 81% of its production of cmde petroleum, whereas OECD Europe imported about 66% of the cmde petroleum that it consumed. In the Asia/AustraUa region, 2419 x 10 m /d (15.2 x 10 bbl/d), or 23.3% of the world s total, was consumed in 1992. In the United States, production of cmde petroleum peaked in 1971 and has declined since then so that only 54.5% of the U.S. cmde petroleum consumed in 1992 was produced domestically. In Latin America, production of cmde petroleum stood at about 150% of consumption, whereas in 1978, production and consumption were about equal. 

About one-third each worldwide consumption of organic pigments takes place in Western Europe (32%) and North America (29%) (25). Other geographic areas consume as follows Far East, 18% China/Russia/Eastem Europe, 12% Latin America, 4% Africa and Middle East, 3% and... 

Europe, Middle East, andMfrica Eur, U.S., SA, India Italy Eur, NA Eur... 

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