European Union standards

Purification of aliphatics by the removal of aromatics is important in the petrochemical industry as well as for pollution control. Current worldwide environmental mandates require reduction of aromatics, particularly benzene, in the transportation fuels. For example, the European Union standards are already in place that require the benzene concentration in gasoline to be lowered to 1 vol % by 2000 and to be lowered still by 2005, while the concentration of the polycyclic aromatics in diesel fuel needs to be lowered to 11 vol % by 2002 and to lower levels still by 2005 (Avidan et al., 2001). 

Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) is one of the world s most heavily used agricultural herbicides. It controls a variety of broadleaf weeds infesting com, sorghum and certain other crops. Atrazine is a moderately persistent herbicide, with half-lives ranging from several days to several mondis (1-4). It is frequendy detected in surface water (5,6), rainwater (7), tile drainage (8) and groundwater (9, 10), frequendy at concentrations exceeding die European Union standard of 0.1 pg 1, and the US-EPA maximum... 

This situation is mainly caused by the general assumption that liferaft should be not expensive and commonly available, meeting the rules of the International Life Saving Appliances Code (LSA), Convention for Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS, 2008 IMO Resolution MSC. 48(66), 1996) and European Union standards (EU Directive of Marine Equipment 96/98/EC, 1996). 

The ability to meet more stringent technical specifications. This includes the new European Union standard IEC-60335-1, which introduces tougher testing methods for materials used in unattended domestic appliances. 

At the European level, the national organizations from both the EU (European Union, formerly the EEC) and the EETA (European Free Trade Association) are grouped in the CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and its counterpart for the electrical industries CENELEC. The standards published by these two organizations have authority in all EU countries as well as the EFTA countries who have voted their approval, which means that these standards have replaced their corresponding national standards. 

The European Union (EU) has a systematic classification of white sugars, shown in Table 10. Codex JUimentarius also has issued specifications for white sugars (17). The EU standards are widely used throughout Eastern Europe and Asia. Other countries, eg, Brazd and the People s RepubHc of China, have their own domestic specifications, which are also appHed to imports. 

A new CEN European standard, EN 12874, was issued in 2001. It will be used by all European nations that belong to the European Union (EU) that are members of the Comite Enropeean de Normalisation (CEN), as well as other non-EU nations that are members of the CEN. It will supersede BS 7224 in England, FEB and BAM in Germany, and standards in use in other European countries. This is a very comprehensive standard covering types of flame arresters not covered in US, Canadian, and other standards. It contains test procedures for the following types of flame arresters ... 

In the USA, the Clean Air Act of 1970 established air-quality standards for six major pollutants particulate matter, sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and photochemical oxidants. It also set standards for automobile emissions - the major source of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. An overview of the major standards is given in Tab. 10.2. The levels of, for example, the European Union (1996) are easily achieved with the present catalysts. The more challenging standards, up to those for the ultralow emission vehicle, are within reach, but zero-emission will probably only be attainable for a hydrogen-powered vehicle. 

Detailed information about carotenoids found in food or extracted from food and evaluated for their potential as food colorants appeared in Sections 4.2 and 6.2. We would like to mention some new data about the utilization of pure carotenoid molecules or extracts as allowed food additives. Looking to the list of E-coded natural colorants (Table 7.2.1), we can identify standardized colorants E160a through f, E 161a, and E161b as natural or semi-synthetic derivatives of carotenoids provided from carrots, annatto, tomatoes, paprika, and marigold. In addition, the extracts (powders or oleoresins) of saffron, - paprika, and marigold are considered more economical variants in the United States and European Union. 

Several countries (Cyprus, Estonia, Venezuela and Zimbabwe) have adopted the WHO GMP guidelines (25) as their statutory GMP standards. Australia has its own GMP guidelines. Malaysia uses the GMP guidelines of the ASEAN (26). The Netherlands has adopted the European Union guidelines on GMP inspection (27). The majority of the countries have also developed SOPs for their inspectors, as indicated in Table 7.1. Australia, Cuba, Cyprus, Malaysia, Uganda and Venezuela have not developed guidelines for GDP. 

In Tables 6.3 and 6.4 RMs of three major producers are mentioned, i.e. the World Health Organization (WHO, International Standards), BCR (European Union, CRMs) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA, SRMs). Some important national producers of clinical reference materials are the Chemicals and Inspection Testing Institute (CITI, Japan), National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC, UK), and Deutsche Gesellschaft fiir Klinische Chemie (DGKC). There are numerous commercial producers of secondary reference materials. 

Water for injection (WFI) is the most widely used solvent for parenteral preparations. The USP requirements for WFI and purified water have been recently updated to replace the traditional wet and colorimetric analytical methods with the more modern and cost-effective methods of conductivity and total organic carbon. Water for injection must be prepared and stored in a manner to ensure purity and freedom from pyrogens. The most common means of obtaining WFI is by the distillation of deionized water. This is the only method of preparation permitted by the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). In contrast, the USP and the Japanese Pharmacopeias also permit reverse osmosis to be used. The USP has also recently broadened its definition of source water to include not only the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Primary Drinking Water Standards, but also comparable regulations of the European Union or Japan. 

Local certification has a number of advantages, not least that it is one way to reduce costs to producers in developing countries via locally determined fees reflecting local incomes (Barrett et al., 2001). To be accepted by the European Union (EU), local certification bodies are required to demonstrate that their standards of organic production and inspection are equivalent to EU regulations. The standards need not necessarily be identical, however, and as such this means more locally appropriate standards can be set in place. For example, local certification bodies may well allow the use of such natural pesticides that would not normally be allowed under EU Standards (Myers, 2000). 

If adopted by the national authority in question, the sponsor can seek marketing licences in other countries on that basis. For this bilateral phase, other states in which marketing authorization are sought have 60 days in which to review the application. The theory, of course, is that no substantive difficulty should arise at this stage, as all countries are working to the same set of standards as laid down in The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Union . 

European standards, for lime and limestone products, 15 67 European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 26 412 European Union (EU), 1 696... 

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