Equipment mechanical

This appendix outlines the major factors which have to be taken into account from the quality point of view for the erection of mechanical equipment, the more common items of which can be classified into one or other of the following broad categories  

In addition to the appointed mechanical construction contractor, there will be present on site suppliers representatives for certain categories of equipment in order to supervise the more critical phases of erection and testing. 

A typical process plant can include a large number of pressure vessels completely manufactured and tested in the Supplier s premises and delivered on site as a complete finished item. Exceptionally a large vessel may be delivered in two pieces to facilitate transport and then be welded together on site. This operation would almost certainly be carried out by the supplier s personnel. For pressure vessels the requirements of the concerned authority will be very much to the forefront. There will be a quality file established in the country of manufacture with records of materials used, manufacturing processes, in particular concerning welding, with trace-ability, and the records of inspections and tests carried out. Cold-stamping on the vessel itself and on the name/data plate may be an indication of its conformity and acceptance status. 

For a packaged boiler delivered in one piece, depending on authority requirements, it will normally need to be pressure tested after. installation. There will be accessories to be installed such as the chimney, exhaust ducting, burner, motor fan set(s), gauge glasses, instruments, platforms and ladders, relief valves and dampers, with refractory linings to be completed. 

Cooling towers in a process plant project may be required in connection with  

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Petroleum coke is an excellent fuel, and that is its main use, especially for the coke from fluid coking". There are some other markets that have to do with calcined coke electrodes for aluminum production or for all other electrolytic cells, carbons for electro-mechanical equipment, graphite, and pigments. 

Forming. Most refractory shapes are formed by mechanical equipment, but some very large or intricate shapes requke hand mol ding ki wooden, steel-lined molds with loose liners to permit easy removal of plaster of Paris molds. 

Energy costs ate not direcdy related to the energy efficiency of the process (6,42). Even if the thermal efficiency of a steam ejector, for example, is less than that of mechanical equipment mn by an electdc motor, the overall cost of the energy to mn the steam ejector may still be less. 

The mechanical equipment used in room-and-pikar underground mining usuaky involves a series of specific operations with continuous mining equipment. Continuous miners use rotating heads equipped with bits to pick or cut through the coal without blasting and load it into a shuttle car for conveying to a belt system. 

Induced-draft units are less likely to recirculate the hot exhaust air, since the exit air velocity is several times that of the forced-draft unit. Induced-draft design more readily permits the installation of the aircooled equipment above other mechanical equipment such as pipe racks or shell-and-tube exchangers. 

FIG. 22-55 Typical capital-cost schematic for membrane equipment showing trade-off for membrane area and mechanical equipment. Lines shown are from families for parallel hues showing hmiting costs for membrane and for ancillary equipment. Abscissa Relative membrane area installed in a typical membrane process. Minimum capital cost is at 1.0. Ordinate Relative cost. Line with positive slope is total membrane cost. Line with negative slope is total ancillary equipment cost. Curve is total capital cost. Minimum cost is at 1.0. 

UF and MF use energy to depolarize membranes so as to increase flux. As is shown in Fig. 22-55, membranes and mechanical equipment are traded off to achieve an overall economic minimum. Three things can drive a design toward the use of more membranes and less mechanical equipment cheaper membranes, veiy high flux, and veiy low flux. The availability of lower-cost membranes is easiest to understand. In the five years ending in 1995, the cost of both membrane area and membrane housings was driven down by competition. 

Hazardous Wastes Hazardous Wastes for deliveiy to a treatment or disposal facility normally are collected by the waste producer or a licensed, speciahzed hauler. Typically, the loading of collection vehicles is completed in one of two ways (1) wastes stored in large-capacity tanks are either drained or pumped into collection vehicles, and (2) wastes stored in sealed drums or other sealed containers are loaded by hand or by mechanical equipment onto flatbed trucks. To avoid accidents and possible loss of life, two collectors shoiild always be assigned when hazardous wastes are to be collected. 

For instance, power can be transmitted from one machine to the other through shafts, flexible couplings, and gear reducers (mechanical equipment). Power can be transmitted through a torque converter (hydraulic equipment) or by a combination of mechanical and hydraulic equipment. 

Cyclic nature of Implement mechanical integrity program batch process (e.g.,, Design equipment for easy replacement start/stop, thermal cycling). Possibil- Consider demand of cycling while designing ity of mechanical equipment and controls wear and tear. Possible loss of containment. ... 

The IEEE Guide to the Gollection and Presentation of Electrical, Electronic, Sensing Gom-ponent, and Mechanical Equipment Reliability Data for Nuclear Power Generating Stations (IEEE Std. 500-1984) compiles data from over a dozen other references and includes information for most types of components. 

Most ethylene plants operate continuously with the expanders operating at or near design conditions. If necessary, due to their unique design characteristics, radial inflow turboexpanders can accommodate a wide range of process conditions without significant losses in thermal or mechanical efficiency. Expanders may be loaded with booster compressors, gear-coupled generators, dynamometers, or other in-plant mechanical equipment such as pumps. In ethylene plants, turboexpanders are typically used in eitlier post-boost or pre-boost applications. 

The petroleum industry is one of the largest users of gas turbines as prime movers for drives of mechanical equipment and also for power generation equipment. Thus the specifications written are well suited for this industry, and the tips of operation and maintenance apply for all industries. This section deals with some of the applicable API and ASME standards for the gas turbine and other various associated pieces. 

It is not the intent here to detail the API or ASME standards, but to discuss some of the pertinent points of these standards and other available options. It is strongly recommended that the reader obtain from ASME and API all mechanical equipment standards. 

Maintenance costs can be minimized by, and are directly related to, good operation likewise, better operating results can be obtained when the equipment is under the control of a planned maintenance program. Improper operation of mechanical equipment can be as much or more the cause of its deterioration and failure as is actual, normal mechanical wear. Thus, operation and maintenance go together. 

These three checklists concern utilities, pressure testing/purging," and mechanical equipment. See Tables 1 and 2 and the list following the tables. 

Before any mechanical equipment is put into service, there should be a ... 

Type of Treatment Items Treated Splashers or Spray Nozzles Stairway and Handrail Structural Connectors Ring Joint Connectors Bolts, Nuts, Washers Anchor Connectors Nails Mechanical Equipment Support Anchor Bolts—Material Furnished by Cold Water Basin—Material Furnished by Basin Accessories, by Mfg. ... 

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT Fans Number Type or Model Manufacturer Diameter, ft. Number of Blades Fan Speed, RPM Tip Speed, FPM BHP per fan, driver output Blade Material Hub Material Total Static Pressure, in. HjO Velocity Pressure, in. H2O Air Delivery per Fan, ACFM Fan Static Efficiency ... 

MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT (Cont d.) Drive Shaft Number Type Model Manufacturer Rated H.P. Drive Shaft Material Coupling Material ... 

A common method of stating flow is standard cubic feet per minute where the flowing conditions are referred to an arbitrary set of standard conditions. Unfortunately, standard conditions are anything but standard. Of the many used, two are more common. The ASME standard uses 68°F and 14.7 psia. The relative humidity is given as 36%. The other standard that is used by the gas transmission industry and the API Mechanical Equipment Standards is 60°F at 14.7 psia. As can be seen from this short discussion, a flow value must be carefully evaluated before it can be used in a compressor calculation. 

The word lest is quite broad in its definition, and many of the inspection steps in the course of the compressor manufacturing cycle can appropriately be called tests. An example would be the material tests. The API mechanical equipment standards, however, attempt to narrow the test definition. This chapter will discuss testing within these narrowed definitions. The first test defined in most API mechanical equipment standards is the hydrostatic test, and it will, therefore, be the first test covered in the chapter. 

The isolation of certain mechanical equipment, e.g. conveyors, work on lifts, excavations, entry and positioning of cranes, isolation of various safety services , e.g. water or inert gas, stand-by power generation, water supply to sprinkler systems, compressed air for breathing apparatus. 

Asbestos An lAQ investigation often includes inspection above accessible ceilings, inside shafts, and around mechanical equipment. Where material suspected of containing asbestos is not only present, but also has deposited loose debris, the investigator should take appropriate precautions. This might include disposable coveralls and a properly fitted respirator. 

Cell A unit consisting of a distribution system, mechanical equipment and partition walls. A single tower can have several independent cells. Individual cells can be shut down, or several cells can be run on partial capacity. 

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