Anatomy

It is now recognized that both active and passive factors of immune privileged sites contribute to their status. It has been know n for over 100 years that the AC of the eye possessed qualities allow ing a long-term survival of tissue and tumor grafts (van Dooremal, 1873). In the late 1970s Kaplan and Streilein discovered that antigenic cells placed into the AC w ere not only detected by the immune system, but also elicited a dow nregulation of alloimmune responses (Kaplan et al., 1975 Kaplan and Streilein, 1977). 

In late 1980s experiments w ith samples of AC s aqueous humor show ed that it possessed some immunomodulatory properties, but these properties w ere not global, i.e., aqueous humor does not inhibit all immune reactions (Kaiser et al., 1989). Suppression of the follow ing phenomena by aqueous fluid W as found  

Activated macrophage production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediate (Taylor et al., 1998). 

Neutrophil-mecUated lysis of target cells (Miyamoto et al., 1996). 

Lysis of target cells by natural killer (NK) cells (Apte and Niederkom, 1996). 

Conventional antigen-presenting cell (APC) activation of Thl-type cells in-vitro (Takeuchi et al., 1999). 

The anatomical relationships of the ventral craniocervical and upper cervical region are considered here. Exact knowledge of structures described below is essential for precise execution of the operation and to avoid postoperative complications (Figs. 1 and 2). 

Deviating from common anatomical practice the structures will be listed in sequence as they appear one after another during transoral surgery. 

This acts as a valve separating epipharynx from mesopharynx in the process of deglutition or formation of particular consonants or vowels. It is a laminar structure about 1 cm thick in continuation with the hard palate. 

Between the two mucosal layers covering the soft palate (i.e., nasal and oral mucosa) there are mixed salivary glands, a few taste buds, muscle fibres, fatty tissue and a complex of connective tissue fibres originating from the aponeurosis of tensor veli palatini muscle. 

Damage to the function of the soft palate is minimal if the incision is made in the midline (avoiding the uvula) incising mainly connective tissue saving the functioning muscles. 

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C. S. Robinson, Explosives, Their Anatomy of Destructiveness, McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, 1944. 

The sacroplasmic proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin are responsible for much of the color in meat. Species vary tremendously in the amount of sacroplasmic proteins within skeletal muscle with catde, sheep, pigs, and poultry Hsted in declining order of sarcoplasmic protein content. Fat is also an important component of meat products. The amount of fat in a portion of meat varies depending on the species, anatomy, and state of nutrition of the animal. The properties of processed meat products are greatiy dependent on the properties of the fat included. Certain species, such as sheep, have a relatively higher proportion of saturated fat, whereas other species, such as poultry, have a relatively lower proportion of saturated fat. It is well known that the characteristic davors of meat from different species are in part determined by their fat composition. 

Spill Anatomy and Remediation. Contrary to past arguments that leaks or spills from aboveground tanks would stay near the surface, they go straight down into the aquifer and spread out. Various obstacles, such as clay lenses, rock, or impermeable layers of sod, simply divert the downward path. Slow leaks from tank bottoms tend to form a narrow plume, whereas larger spills cover much wider areas. When the contaminant reaches groundwater, it tends to be dispersed in the direction of the groundwater current and movement. 

William D. Rowe, An Anatomy of Risk, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1977. 

Richardson, J.S. The anatomy and taxonomy of protein stmcture. Adv. Prot. Chem. 34 167-339, 1981. Rossmann, M.G., Argos, P. Protein folding. Annu. Rev. 

Janin, J., Chothia, C. Packing of a-helices onto p-pleat-ed sheets and the anatomy of a/p-proteins. /. Mol. Biol. 143 95-128, 1980. 

Novotny, J., et al. Molecular anatomy of the antibody binding site. /. Biol. Chem. 258 14433-14437, 1983. 

Arnold, L., Windscale 1957, Anatomy of a Nuclear Accident St. Martin s Press, New York, 1992. 

Airway cross-sections have the nominal anatomy shown in Fig. 5.16. Airway surface liquid (AST), primarily composed of mucus gel and water, surrounds the airway lumen with a thickness thought to vary from 5 to 10 mm. AST lies on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (mostly columnar ciliated epithelium). This layer of cells, roughly two to three cells thick in proximal airways and eventually thinning to a single cell thickness in distal airways, rests along a basement membrane on its basal surface. Connective tissue (collagen fibers, basement membranes, elastin, and water) lies between the basement membrane and airway smooth muscle. Edema occurs when the volume of water within the connective tissue increases considerably. Interspersed within the smooth muscle are respiratory supply vessels (capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses), nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 

P. Shrivastava, Bhopal—Anatomy of a Crisis, Ballinger, Cambridge, Mass., 1987. 

Robinson, C. S. 1944. Explosions, their anatomy and destructiveness. New York McGraw-Hill. 

Venart, J. E. S. 1990. The Anatomy of a Boiling Liquid Expanding Vapor Explosion (BLEVE). 24th Annual Loss Prevention Symposium. New Orleans, May 1990. 

A uniform definition of a failure and a method of classifying failures is essential if data from different sources are to be compared. The anatomy of a failure includes the initiating or root cause of a failure that is propagated by contributory causes and results in a failure mode—the effect by which a failure occurs or is observed. Modes include failure to operate, no output, failure to alarm on demand. The end result of a failure sequence is the failure effect, such as no fluid is pumped to the absorber, or a tank overflows. As discussed in Appendix A of IEEE Std. 500-1984, only the equipment failure mode is relevant for data that are needed in a CPQRA. The failure model used in this book is based upon those in the IEEE publication and IPRDS. ... 

As illustrated by the above examples, details of how failures have occurred are needed to fully understand the anatomy of a failure and to distinguish between time-related and demand-related failure rates. Defining and classifying failures is not a trivial task, and, because it is often ignored, the final data must be treated with appropriate caution. 

FIGURE 4.1 Anatomy of an amino acid. Except for proline and its derivatives, all of the amino acids commonly found in proteins possess this type of structure. 

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