Small intestine anatomy

Figure 6.2 Section of the small intestine. (A) Section through the small intestine showing plica circulares. (B) Magnified view of a section of the intestinal wall showing the villi and the four layers. (C) Microscopic view of three villi showing the internal structure. From V.C.Scanlon and T.Sanders (1995) The digestive system. Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, F.A. Davis Company, Philadelphia, pp. 358-385...

FIGURE 6.19 The llpopiotetn map illustrates the fact that tissues can derive energy from lipoproteins formed by cells of the gut as well as by cells of the liver (hepatocytes). The chylomicrons and VLDLs are mixed together thmu out the circulatory system. Not shown is the contribution of apo C-IJ and apo E to these particles by the HDLs, The map shows that cholesterol is taken up by the peripheral tissues from the LDl, but not to a large extent from the chylomicrons or the chylomicron remnants. The map also shows that TGs are removed from lipoproteins by lipoprotein lipase, w hereas cholesterol is removed after endocytosis of the particle. Also shown is the delivery of bile, which contains bile salts, cholesterol, and phospholipids, to the small intestine, The drawmg is stylixed and does not closely represent the anatomy,... 

FIGURE 2.37 Thoracic duct and other vessels of the thorax. Lymphatic capillaries are most numerous just beneath body surfaces, such as the skin and the mucus membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. The mucus membrane of the gastrointestinal tract is called the gut mucosa. The general function of these capillaries is to absorb interstitial fluid that has leaked from the circulatory system and to return it to the bloodstream. The function of the l)miphatic capillaries that end in the lacteals of the small intestine is to transport absorbed dietary lipids. These capillaries coalesce and eventually deliver their contents to the thoracic duct. The lymph collected from other parts of the body, as indicated by the "collecting trunk," also is transferred to the thoracic duct. [Redrawn with permission, from "Grant s Atlas of Anatomy," Williams Wilkins Co., Baltimore, 1978.]... 

These equations contain the usual input-output terms of compartmental mass balances and also a simple first-order renal clearance, which is close to inulin clearance for MTX. The Ri are tissue-to-plasma distribution ratios to account for protein binding. The volumes V, and flows, Q, are known from recorded anatomy and physiology. Other parameters are defined as follows kK, renal clearance kL, saturable rate of drug transport into bile KLy saturation constant for bile transport ko, saturable rate of intestinal absorption Kq, saturation constant for intestinal absorption , nonsaturable rate of intestinal absorption kF, reciprocal of nominal transit time in small intestine. 

Gelbetg, H.B. 2014. Comparative anatomy, physiology, and mechanisms of disease production in the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. Toxicol Pathol, 42 54-66. 

Hunger and Appetite Anatomy of the Digestive System Physiology of Digestion Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Pancreas Liver... 

Intestinal clearance is henceforth defined as the ability of the small bowel to clear its lumen of bacteria. The known conditions of major clinical importance for intact intestinal clearance are (1) normal gastrointestinal anatomy, including the absence of intestinal diverticula and fistula, and (2) normal intestinal motility. 

Swammerdam very often wrote about the divine wisdom visible in the complex structure of small insects. °° For instance when speaking about the visibility of God s finger in the anatomy of hce, he stated that the intestines of the small animals reflect the structure of the universe. No-one, but God Himself, can comprehend it all. Hence the natural philosopher can only examine nature through God s grace. Swammerdam wrote that God who has painted Himself in nature, is almighty to do what His divine wisdom likes to show the creatures endowed with intellect who move and live in Him. ... 

To assess pelvic structures in doacal malformation, ultrasound should be performed as soon as possible after birth since no or only a small amount of intestinal gas will be present. Fluoroscopic studies to demonstrate the complex anatomy as well as to evaluate the urinary tract and the inner genitalia for diagnostic purposes are mandatory. 

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