Kidney anatomy

The aim of these evaluations is the assessment of kidney anatomy, volume and function, determination of the number of renal arteries and veins, and... 

Despite recent developments, effectiveness of chemotherapy is still rather limited for most types of cancer, including tumors of the colon, lung, kidney, pancreas, and liver. Why some cancers respond better than others may be explained by factors relating to the anatomy and physiology of the cancer-ridden organ or... 

The anatomy of a nephron is a key to understanding how the kidney functions. Refer to Figure 12 which schematically illustrates each part. The blood enters the kidney through an artery into a knot of vessels known as the glomerulus. The glomerulus is surrounded by a loose... 

The evidence that is available regarding the morbid anatomy of idiopathic hypercalcemia of infancy is naturally derived from severer cases which have proved fatal (D3, L6, Rl, S2). In these, pathological changes are found predominantly in the skeleton, kidneys, and cardiovascular system, but other systems may be involved to a lesser degree. 

Venkatachalam MA, Kriz W. Anatomy. In Heppinstall RH, ed. Pathology of the Kidney, 4th ed. Boston Little, Brown, 1992 l-92. 

Nephrotoxicity can be a potentially serious complication of drug therapy or chemical exposure. Although in most instances the mechanisms mediating nephrotoxicity are unclear, susceptibility of the kidney to toxic injury appears to be related, at least in part, to the complexities of renal anatomy and physiology. 

Susceptibility of the kidney to chemically-induced toxicity is related, at least in part, to several unique aspects of renal anatomy and physiology. By virtue of high renal blood flow, active transport processes for secretion and reabsorption, and progressive concentration of the glomerular filtrate following water removal during the... 

AndreollTE. On the anatomy of amphotericin B-cholesterol pores in lipid bilayer membranes. Kidney Int 1973 4 337-45. DeKruijiff B, Demel RA. Polyene antibiotic-sterol interactions in membranes of Acholeplesma laidlawii cellsand lecithin liposomes. III. Molecular structure of the polyene antibiotic-cholesterol complexes. Biochem Biophys Acta 1974 339 57-70. HoIzRW.Theeffectsofthe polyene antibiotics nystatin and amphotericin Bon thin lipid membranes. Ann N Y Acad Sell 974 235 469-79. 

An understanding of how and why chemicals induce nephrotoxicity requires some familiarity with the anatomy and physiology of the kidney. In addition, interpretation of renal toxicology studies will require a working knowledge of the various techniques used for evaluating renal function. It is also important to be aware of which nephrotoxicants require biotransformation before they induce nephrotoxicity, nephrotoxic mechanisms when known, and the site(s) of renal damage for the various nephrotoxicants. 

Lote C). Essential anatomy of the kidney. In Lote CJ, ed. Principles of renal physiology, 3rd ed. London Chapman and HaU, 1994 21-9. 

Corman, B., J. Pratz, and P. Poujeol. 1985. Changes in the anatomy, glomerular filtration rate and solute excretion in aging rat kidney. American Journal of Physiology 248 282-287. Davies, B., and T. Morris. 1993. Physiological parameters in laboratory animals and humans. Pharmaceutical Research 10 1093-1095. 

Alcock left Oxford for Bath in 1757 and he was replaced as the anatomy lecturer by John Smith (1721-1796). It is not clear if Smith also replaced Alcock as the chemistry lecturer - it is significant that Francis Bayley went to Edinburgh in exactly this period - but he gave chemistry lectures as part of an anatomy course in 1759. Chemistry came after agriculture, and was only a small part of the course. Smith drew heavily on other authors and he kept the content of his lectures within the medical remit of the course. For example, alkaline salts was largely a discussion of bile and limewater was mentioned for its ability to dissolve kidney stones. This is not to say that he was completely out of touch with contemporary developments. He mentioned Black s MD thesis (which had been published only five years earlier) and Joshua Ward s process for the manufacture of sulfuric acid. It appears that Smith continued to teach chemistry alongside anatomy at least until he was appointed Savilian Professor of Geometry in 1766. ... 

A two-dimensional mapping procedure, involving isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecylsulphate electrophoresis, has been used in a comparative study of the surface anatomy of baby hamster kidney cells and three clones resistant to ricin. Abnormal patterns were observed in all three mutant clones indicating different mechanisms of ricin resistance glycoproteins, which may be involved in cellular reactions, were identified. 

Figure 1. Diagram oj the blood supply and junctional anatomy of the kidney...

Anatomy. Refers to the anatomy being imaged. This can be the head (brain, skull, teeth, nasal cavities), the thorax (heart, breast, ribs), the abdomen (kidney, liver, intestines), the pelvis and the perineum, or the limbs (femur, tibia, humerus, hand). 

Three-dimensional reconstructions can be obtained with both external and endoluminal points of view of the organ anatomy (Rubin et al. 1996 Rubin 2003). Maximum intensity projection (MIP), average intensity projection (AIP), shaded surface display (SSD), perspective volume rendering (VR) and multiplanar volume reconstruction (MPVR) algorithms provide external views of the kidney and urinary tract (Dalrymple et al. 2005). Endoluminal points of view of the urinary tract can be obtained with virtual endoscopy (VE) by using either MRU or the urographic phase of CT. 

The importance of accurate knowledge of the renal anatomy, especially in a kidney to be transplanted, is of fundamental relevance in the preoperative assessment of these patients. Native CT/MR images and post-processing techniques are the best way to examine in a noninvasive manner kidney dimen-... 

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