Eye anatomy

BatteUe, B.A., 2002, Circadian efferent input to Limulus eyes anatomy, circuitry, and impact. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58 345-55. 

Absorption and elimination of therapeutic active agents depend upon the physiochemical, nficro-biological, and pharmaceutical properties of dosage form and also depend upon the eye anatomy and physiology. 

Newell, Frank W. Ophthalmology.Principles and Concepts. 5th ed. St. Louis Mosby, 1982. Covers basic eye anatomy, optics, and retinal physiology and biochemistry. 

FIGURE 58-1. Anatomy of the eye. (From Lesar TS, Fiscella RG, Edward D. Glaucoma. In DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, et al, (eds.) Pharmacotherapy A Pathophysiologic Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 1714, with permission.)... 

In-depth discussions of the anatomy of the eye and adnexa have been adequately covered elsewhere in the pharmaceutical literature [13-17] and in recent texts on ocular anatomy. Here a brief overview is presented of the critical anatomical features that influence the nature and administration of ophthalmic preparations. In this discussion, consideration will be given primarily to drugs applied topically, that is, onto the cornea or conjunctiva or into the palpebral fornices. Increasingly, drugs are being developed for administration by parenteral-type dosage forms subconjunctivally, into the anterior and posterior chambers, the vitreous chamber, Tenon s capsule, or by retrobulbar injection. 

Nitrogen oxides combustion appliances cooking ETS. irritation of respiratory system and eyes decreased in pulmonary function in asthmatics decreased immune capacily, changes in anatomy and function of lung. 

Tire anatomy of the brain is quite complex, and only a few terms will be defined here. Tire cerebrum, which is made up of two hemispheres, accounts for the largest part of the brain. Tire deeply folded outermost layer, the cerebral cortex, consists of gray matter, a mass of cell bodies, and fine unmyelinated nerve fibers. Beneath this lies a layer of white matter made up of myelin-covered axons connecting the cerebral cortex with other parts of the brain. Tire two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum, a band of 2 x 108 nerve fibers. Remarkably, these fibers can be completely severed with a relatively minimal disruption of the nervous system. In the past the corpus callosum was sometimes cut to control almost incessant epileptic seizures that could not be prevented by drugs. The "split-brain" patients suffered relatively little disability as long as both eyes functioned normally. Studies of these patients provided some insights into the differing functions of the two hemispheres of the cerebrum.395... 

Using this knowledge and your answer to (a), postulate how an eye functions in perceiving color. Check your postulates by finding the explanation for color blindness in the literature. Many standard biology, anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry textbooks have explanations describing vision, which may be useful. 

My son, here you have the whole process of our work in your hands, without any disruption and without any superfluity and summarized by a competently written eloquence. Therefore, prepare your heart, that you may find favour in God s eyes. For it is a gift of God and it contains the secret of the indivisible unity of the Holy Trinity. O most precious of all sciences, you are the theatre of the whole nature and its anatomy, the earthly astronomy, the troth of God Almighty, the proof of the resurrection of the dead, the example of the remission of sinners, the unmistakeable proof of the future Last Judgement and the mirror of eternal bliss. Truly, no science is more exalted than this one for this one science contains all sciences, without being included in one of them itself. 

Stjernschantz, J., M. Astin. 1993. Anatomy and physiology of the eye. Pathophysiological aspects of drug delivery. In Biopharmaceutics of Ocular Drug delivery, vol. 5, ed. P. Edman, 1. London CRC Press. 

Karesh, J.W. 2002. Topographic anatomy of the eye. In Duane s ophthalmology on CD-ROM, Foundations of Clinical Ophthalmology, vol. 1, eds. W. Tasman and E.A. Jaeger. Philadelphia Lippincott Williams Wilkins, chap. 1. 

I knelt down to peer into Bene s blurred and reddened eyes. He stared back at me resentfully, not quite unconscious but close to it. I was tempted to offer him a lesson in anatomy—blood vessels run lengthwise and he had cut crosswise, which is the wrong way to do it if you seriously want to rush into the afterlife. 

Philosophy of the Egyptians and the other six relate especially to Medicine the first treats of the construction of the body or anatomy the second of diseases the third of instruments the fourth of medicines the fifth of the eye and the sixth of diseases of women. 

The anatomy of the tuber is shown diagrammatically in Figure 11.2. Parts that can be distinguished are the skin (periderm) with the lenticels, the eyes, the bud and stem ends, the cortex, the ring of vascular bundles, the perimedullary zone, and the pith with medullary rays which are homologous with the medulla of the stolon.7... 

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