Ankle anatomy

Inokuchi S, Usami N, Hiraishi E, Hashimoto T (1998) Calcaneal fractures in children. J Pediatr Orthop 18 469-474 Jones R (1902) Fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal by indirect violence. Ann Surg 35 697-700 Kay RM, Tang CW (2001) Pediatric foot fractures evaluation and treatment. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 9 308-319 Logan B, Singh D, Hutchings R (2004) McMinn s colour atlas of foot and ankle anatomy, 3rd edn. Mosby, Elsevier Mora S, Thordarson DB, Zionts CE, Reynolds RA (2001) Pediatric calcaneal fractures. Foot Ankle Int 22 471-477... 

The Agility Total Ankle Prosthesis (DePuy) is a semi-constrained, fixed-bearing prosthesis that was designed in 1984 and currently has 510(k) clearance from the FDA [14] (Figure 11.11). In the United States, it is the most commonly used TAR prosthesis and has more than 20 years of clinical experience [55]. The device is currently offered in six sizes of matching tibial and talar components [56]. The device consists of a titanium alloy tibial component, a size-matched and separate UHMWPE insert that slides and locks into the tibial component, and an onlay cobalt-chromium talar component [55, 57, 58]. The tibial articular surface is rotated 20 degrees externally to mimic physiologic ankle anatomy [14, 55]. The semi-constrained... 

The conduit characteristics of the venous system primarily depend on the anatomy of the system. Valves in the veins of the limbs are crucial for reducing the pressure in dependent parts of the body. Even small movements from skeletal muscle activity tend to compress the veins and move blood toward the heart. A competent valve then blocks back flow, thus reheving the pressure when the movement stops. Even a few steps can reduce the transmural venous pressure in the ankle from as much as 100 mmHg to about 20 mmHg. Without this mechanism, transcapillary movement of fluid into the extravascular spaces results in edema. Varicose (swollen) veins and peripheral pooling of blood can result from damage to the venous valves. During exercise, the rhythmic contraction of the skeletal muscles, in conjunction with venous... 

Kumai T, Takakura Y, Rufai A et al (2002) The functional anatomy of the human anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains. J Anat 200 457-465... 

A brief description of the complex anatomy of the ankle with emphasis given to the anatomic features amenable to US examination, including joints and ligament complexes, tendons, retinacula and neurovascular structures, is included here. As the US study of the ankle is a focused examination, this chapter will arbitrarily discuss the tendons, nerves and vessels of the ankle from approximately 5 cm above to 5 cm below the ankle joint, deferring con-... 

The purpose of this book chapter is to provide a historical overview of the TAR. The anatomy and biomechanics of the ankle are briefly reviewed. An in-depth description is provided of early-generation and contemporary TAR designs, with a focus on the UHMWPE component of each design. UHMWPE wear in TAR is also considered. Lastly, available data related to clinical complications... 

Sarrafian SK. Anatomy of the foot and ankle descriptive, topographic, functional. Isted. Philadelphia Lippincott 1983. 

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