Urinary tract, anatomy

FIGURE 76-1. Anatomy and associated infections of the urinary tract. (From Sprandel KA, Lesch CA, Rodvold KA. Lower urinary tract infection. In SchwinghammerTL, (ed.) Pharmacotherapy Casebook A Patient-Focused Approach. 6th ed. New York McGraw-Hill 2005 319, with permission.)... 

In humans, urinary tract calculi are generally not present for long periods of time, in contrast to rodents (DeSesso 1995). This is because of the normal anatomy... 

Gosling J (1999) Gross anatomy of the lower urinary tract. In Abrams P, Khoury S, Wein AJ (eds) Incontinence. Plym-bridge Distributors Ltd, Plymouth, pp 21-56... 

Three-dimensional reconstructions can be obtained with both external and endoluminal points of view of the organ anatomy (Rubin et al. 1996 Rubin 2003). Maximum intensity projection (MIP), average intensity projection (AIP), shaded surface display (SSD), perspective volume rendering (VR) and multiplanar volume reconstruction (MPVR) algorithms provide external views of the kidney and urinary tract (Dalrymple et al. 2005). Endoluminal points of view of the urinary tract can be obtained with virtual endoscopy (VE) by using either MRU or the urographic phase of CT. 

Urinary Tract Embryology, Anatomy and Anatomical Variants... 

Olsson CA (1986) Anatomy ofthe upper urinary tract. In Walsh PC, Gittes RF, Perlmutter AD, Stamey TA (eds) Campbell s urology, 5th edn. Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 12-46... 

To assess pelvic structures in doacal malformation, ultrasound should be performed as soon as possible after birth since no or only a small amount of intestinal gas will be present. Fluoroscopic studies to demonstrate the complex anatomy as well as to evaluate the urinary tract and the inner genitalia for diagnostic purposes are mandatory. 

Zejil Ch, Roefs B, Boer K et al (1999) Clinical outcome and follow-up of sonographically suspected in utero urinary tract anomalies. J Clin Ultrasound 27 21-28 Zerres K, VOlpel MC, Weib H (1984) Cystic kidneys. Genetics, pathologic anatomy, clinical picture and prenatal diagnosis. Hum Gen 68 104-135... 

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