Cranial anatomy

Gingerich, P.D., Cranial anatomy and evolution of early Tertiary Plesiadapidae (Mammalia, Primates), Univ. Mich. Pap. Paleontol., 15, 1-141, 1976. 

Allis, E.P. Jr. (1923) The cranial anatomy of Chlamydoselachus anguineus , Acta Zoologica, 4, 123-221. 

Maisey, J.G. (1983) Cranial anatomy of Hybodus basanus Egerton from the Lower Cretaceous of England , American Museum Novitates, 2758, 1-64. 

Allis, E.P. (1922) The cranial anatomy of Polypterus, with special reference to Polypterus bichir . Journal of Anatomy, 56, 189-294. 

Clack, J.A. (1998c) The Scottish Carboniferous tetrapod Crassigyrinus scoticus (Lydekker)—cranial anatomy and relationships . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Earth Sciences, 88, 127—42. 

Olfaction represents a subset of the sense of smell, which this chapter seeks to circumscribe by means of four propositions put forth as guidelines. Of these guidelines, the first is chemical, and the second is behavioral. The third guideline addresses the relationship between anatomy and behavior. Applying it requires that the organism possess a well developed eentral nervous system (CNS). The CNS of terrestrial vertebrates includes a spinal cord and a brain, from which emanates a set of cranial nerves. The first cranial nerve is often called the olfactory bulb. If the connections between the nose and the olfactory bulb are completely severed, the ability to sense and to discriminate among volatile stimuli do not necessarily vanish utterly. Those capabilities that are completely lost, however, include olfaction. 

Fig. Il.la-h. Anatomy. Coronal (a-d) and axial (e-h) high-resolution MPR of the temporal bone from ventral to dorsal (a-d) and cranial to caudal (e-h). Spaces A Epitympanum, B mesotympamrm, C hypotympamrm, D mastoid antrum, E Prussak s space, F sinus tympani. 1 Scutum, 2 promontory, 3 malleus, 4 incus, 5 stapes, 6 incudomalleolar joint, 7 tensor...

Lasjaunias P, Berenstein A, Doyon D (1979) Functional anatomy of the facial artery Radiology 133 631-638 Lasjaunias P, Doyon D (1978) The ascending pharyngeal artery and the blood supply of the lower cranial nerves. J Neuro-radiol 5 287-301... 

Investigations on the vagus nerve began 2,000 years ago. Marinus, in the first century AD, studied the anatomy of the vagi and was the first to assign to the cranial nerves a numeric sequence. Although none of the original work by Marinus... 

Gray s Anatomy. London Churchill Livingstone, 1995. Magoun HI. Osteopatf in the Cranial Field, 3rd ed. Kirksville, MO Journal Printing Co, 1976. 

The ability to diagnose and treat dysfunctions related to cranial osteopathy and the primary respiratory mechanism (PRM) requires a solid knowledge of the anatomy of the cranium and the central nervous system, cerebral and spinal. 

Wilson-Pauwels L, Akesson EJ, Stewart PA Sandoz Course, Cranial Nerves, Anatomy and Clinical Comments. Toronto BC Decker Inc., 1988. 

Langille, R.M. and Hall, B.K. (1988) Role of the neural crest in development of the cartilaginous cranial and visceral skeleton of the medaka, Oryzias latipes (Teleostei) , Anatomy and Embryology, 177, 297-305. 

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