Comparative anatomy

1 A Cellular morphology of ncuroepithelium. Microvilli multiple array at apex of dendrite from an isolated Frog VNOR cell, scale bar = 1 pm SEM (from Trotier el aL, 1994). 

In the OE of jawed fish only cellular, and little if any, tissue specialisation is achieved. During metamorphosis from tadpole to adult in amphibia, a developmental parallel of water-to-land transition includes the timing of maturation of the AOS. The system as it appears in living amphibians, is already a more or less discrete entity (Fig. 4.3) with its own sub-set of receptors. A process of regionalisation within the bulb, already underway even at the level of organisation in cartilaginous fishes, shows parallel adjustments (Dryer and Graziadei, 1993). 

The lower vertebrates then possessed a useful nasal device which had already been utilised by their predecessors as a social chemical detector. Air breathing meant that their nasal air-flow was relatively weak in the absence of the pulling power exerted by lungs which 

Central/Tertiary structures The fish olfactory bulb is a fourlayered structure much as in higher vertebrates. Within the 2nd layer, the first synapse for olfactory input is on the dendrites of the mitral cells (MC). About 1000 ORN axons converge on one MC, a ratio similar to mammals. The MC output, from cells at various levels, leads into several glomeruli and receives (inhibitory) input from granule cells. The latter also innervate a distinct cell type in the MC layer of teleosts — the ruffed cells (RC), with which they have reciprocal synapses [Fig. 2.18(a)] both relay cells send ascending fibres to forebrain centres (Kosaka and Hama, 1982). The RC are unlike the MC since they are not stimulated by the ORNs directly. Their interactions (Chap. 5) may contribute to the processing of pheromonal stimuli (Zippel, 2000). The main bulbar pathways project to several nuclei in the forebrain via two ipsilateral tracts, the lateral and medial [Fig. 2.18(b)], the latter mediates sexual behaviour and the former probably other behaviours (Hara, 

An extra-bulbar olfactory pathway (EBOP) is present in teleosts and in some non-teleost genera. Olfactory fibres run within the medial forebrain bundle, and can be traced (by SBA lectin binding) beyond the olfactory bulb into areas such as the ventral telencephalon, and/or the preoptic nucleus (Hofmann and Meyer, 1995). The projection of the EBOP fibres is similar in the sturgeon, but in other non-teleosts the primary olfactory fibres reach diencephalic target nuclei. 

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Haneda, Y., and Johnson, F. H. (1962). The comparative anatomy of the indirect type of photogenic system of luminescent fishes, with special reference to Parapriacanthus beryciformes. Science Report of the Yokosuka City Museum, No. 7,1-11. 

Heald-Wetlaufer, P, Hayba, D.O., Foley, N.K. and Goss, J.A. (1983) Comparative anatomy of epithermal precious- and base-metal districts hosted by volcanic rocks — a talk presented at the GAC/MAC/GGV Joint Annual Meeting, May 11-13, 1983, Victoria, BC, Canada. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 83-710, 16 pp. 

Heald, R, Foley, N.K. and Hayba, D.O. (1987) Comparative anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits acid-sulfate and adularia—sericite types. Econ. Geol, 82, 1-26. 

J. Dexheimer and J. C. Pargney, Comparative anatomy of the host-fungus interface in mycorrhizas. Experientia 47 312 (1991). 

Negus V.E. (1958). Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of the Nose and Para-Nasal Sinuses. Oliver Boyd, Edinburgh, p. 402. 

Broom R. (1896). Comparative anatomy of the Organ of Jacobson in marsupials. Proc Linn Soc NSW 21, 591-623. 

Broom R. (1897/8). A contribution to the comparative anatomy of the mammalian Organ of Jacobson. Trans Roy Soc Edinb 39(viii), 231-255. 

Cooper J. and Bhatnagar K.R (1976). Comparative anatomy of the vomeronasal organ complex in bats. J Anat 122, 571-601. 

Patra, A.L., "Comparative Anatomy of Mammalian Respiratory Tracts The Nasopharyngeal Region and the Tracheobronchial Region," J. Tox. Env. Health... 

Kent, G.C., Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. 7th ed., Mosby-Year Book, St. Louis, 1992. 

Comparative anatomy and histochemistry. Acta Zool. Fenn. 190, 215-222. 

Wischnitzer, S., "Atlas and Dissection Guide for Comparative Anatomy", 2nd ed., Freeman Press, San Francisco, 1972. 

Romer, A. S. (1959). Comparative Anatomy ofVerteirates. [German edition.] Hamburg Verlag Paul Parey. 

Cartoon Showing a Controversy in 1817 over the Founding of a Chair of Comparative Anatomy. The Candidate, Dr. Barclay, is shown astride the elephant s skeleton. His opponent, Dr. Thomas Charles Hope (center foreground), has his anchor firmly grounded in the strontian. This is an allusion to the research in which he distinguished between baryta and strontia. The scene is laid at the entrance to the old College of Edinburgh. 

COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY. In any division of biological science, the comparative treatment focuses attention upon a limited subject, such as anatomy, but introduces into its treatment data drawn from many species. This method of study has been applied widely to the vertebrates hence, comparative anatomy is likely to mean comparative anatomy of the vertebrates unless otherwise qualified. 

Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington ... 

Jones, L. N. (2001). Hair structure anatomy and comparative anatomy. Clinics Dermatol. 19, 95-103. 

Wulff, F., and Ulanowicz, R. (1989) A comparative anatomy of the Baltic Sea and Chesapeake Bay ecosystems. In Flow analysis of Marine Ecosystems Theory and Practice (Wulff, F., Field, J.G, and Mann, K.H., eds.), pp. 82-89, Springer-Verlag, New York. 

When Harry was four years old his father, Henry Nottidge Moseley, professor of comparative anatomy at Oxford, died. He was a very strong man, never fatigued by either physical or mental exertion, but he had lately overworked and began... 

Halliday GM, Tork I (1986) Comparative anatomy of the ventromedial mesencephalic tegmentum in the rat, cat, monkey and human. J Comp Neurol 252 423-445. 

Monteiro-Riviere, N. A. Comparative anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of mammalian skin. In Hobson, D. W. (Eds.). Dermal and Ocular Toxicology Fundamentals and Methods, CRC Press, New York, 1991, Chapter 1, pp. 3-71. 

Fossil shells recognizable as gastropods and bivalves are present in rocks from the Cambrian period, about 570 million years ago. Present classifications based on the evolutionary relationships of mollusks are derived from studies of embryonic development, comparative anatomy, and RNA nucleotide sequences. The findings suggest affinities of mollusks with sipunculid, annelid, and echiurid worms. 

The macaque rhesus monkey has an ovarian cycle of approximately 28 days, as does the human female, and it also exhibits an estrus pattern very similar to the menstrual pattern of the human female. It is widely believed by researchers in the fertility field that rhesus monkeys and humans have comparable anatomy and physiology, as well as similar reproductive func-tions. Therefore, the female rhesus monkey is a superior animal model for studying the vaginal absorption of various drugs from a drug delivery system designed for use in human females. 

Montagna, W. Comparative anatomy and physiology of the skin. Arch. Dermatol. 1967, 96, 357-363. 

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