Central nervous system anatomy

HISTAMINERGIC CELLS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY 250... 

Janssen, P.A. and Van der Eycken, C.A. The chemical anatomy of potent morphine-like analgesics, in Drugs affecting the central nervous system, edited by A. Burger, 1968, 25-60, Marcel Decker, New York. 

If acupuncture, which entails tissue trauma, is performed properly and on the correct acupuncture points, trauma will affect only the skin and the connective tissue below. If, however, acupuncture needles are inserted at the wrong site or penetrate too deeply, other tissues or organs can be affected. Traumatic complications of acupuncture have been reviewed (108). They have been described in relation to the thoracic and abdominal viscera, in the peripheral and central nervous systems, and in blood vessels. Several deaths have been reported from pneumothorax and cardiac tamponade. The anatomical tissues at several acupuncture points are such that needles can injure vulnerable structures. Thus, good knowledge of anatomy is an essential precondition for acupuncturists. 

This section reviews basic principles of brain anatomy and function to provide a framework within which to discuss the effect of plants on the CNS. The human nervous system is exceptionally complex, it is the body s major communication system, and is divided into central and peripheral regions. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system consists of all other nerves. Although thought processes and reason are most commonly associated with the CNS, almost every aspect of physiological function is affected by CNS activity. After all, Brain death is widely accepted as the definition of the end of human life 10). The follow description of CNS anatomy and physiology can be foimd in most text books on the and reviews on the subject 11, 17). 

Deficiency of an essential bone element anywhere in the body triggers a reaction in which one or more hormones signal the release of that element from bone to meet the need. If the intake of one or more of the bone elements has been chronically low, the continual borrowing of that element to meet body needs will weaken the bone.The body has a system of self-protective priorities. It will seemingly rob nutrients from a lower-priority part of the body to sustain a higher-priority part s need, even to the harm of that lower part. The highest-priority part of our anatomy is the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). It would be the last part of the anatomy to suffer depletion in case of long-term starvation. 

Schmitz EH (1989) Anatomy of the central nervous system of Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille) (Isopoda). J Crust Biol 9 217-227... 

Section 3.1. describes application of the NADPH diaphorase method to fixed, whole nervous tissue. This approach has not been applied to vertebrate central nervous systems because they are simply too large and multilayered for it to be of any use m revealing NOS anatomy. It has been used in studies of the mammalian peripheral autonomic nervous system (15), but where the whole-mount staining method has proven especially useful is in the analysis of NOS anatomy in the smaller and simpler central nervous systems of invertebrates (10)... 

The midbrain is of particular importance with regard to auditory and visual reflexes, regulation of arousal, and as a conduit between higher and lower centers of the central nervous system. Consequently, the anatomy of a cross-section of this relatively uncomplicated part of the brainstem will be discussed (Fig. 1.4). The tectum... 

The ability to diagnose and treat dysfunctions related to cranial osteopathy and the primary respiratory mechanism (PRM) requires a solid knowledge of the anatomy of the cranium and the central nervous system, cerebral and spinal. 

The determination of fhe embryonic "critical period of development" for the brain structures involved in learning and memory processes in mice is based on the original work by Rodier (1976). This study identified fhe embryonic time frames for peak neurogenesis and neuroepithelial proliferation for cerebral corfex, hippocampus, septum, amygdala, corpus striatum, thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and olfactory bulb as the period from embryonic day E14 fhrough E17. Rodier documented almost 40 years ago that the specific time of the central nervous system (CNS) insult is an important factor in subsequent effects on both anatomy and behavior. Therefore, this early work established what we refer to as the embryonic "critical period of development." The report suggested that the behavioral effects of toxicants such as benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) are similar in both rats and mice. This study was one of the first to demonstrate that mice could be used successfully as subjects in a variety of behavioral evaluation experiments. 

We understand many aspects of the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of the human nervous system. The central points are the subjects of this chapter. As we come to understand them, much of great interest will be revealed to us. We will get important insights into how the nervous system functions and, in disease, malfunctions. We will also begin to understand why many molecules are effective in treatment of mental health disorders or induce abnormal states of consciousness in people. 

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