Movement anatomy

Spill Anatomy and Remediation. Contrary to past arguments that leaks or spills from aboveground tanks would stay near the surface, they go straight down into the aquifer and spread out. Various obstacles, such as clay lenses, rock, or impermeable layers of sod, simply divert the downward path. Slow leaks from tank bottoms tend to form a narrow plume, whereas larger spills cover much wider areas. When the contaminant reaches groundwater, it tends to be dispersed in the direction of the groundwater current and movement. 

FIGURE 29-1. Anatomy of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal motor system controls muscle movement through a system of pathways and nerve tracts that connect the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and spinal neurons. Patients with Parkinson s disease have a loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain stem that leads to depletion of dopamine in the corpus striatum. The corpus striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nuclei that are made up of the putamen and the globus pallidus. 

Alexander G. (1997). Anatomy of the basal ganglia and related motor structures. In Watts R., Roller W., editors. Movement Disorders Neurologic Principles and Practice. New York, NY McGraw-Hill. pp. 73-86. 

The anatomy of the distal colon, with its thick muscular walls, suggests a predominantly propulsive activity. Studies with single administrations of pellets or Pulsincap devices suggested that the distal part of the transverse colon area is difficult to treat since this area and the descending colon function as a conduit. Steady-state measurements confirm this assertion (48) and Weitschies group have also reported data showing mass movements propel objects quickly through the distal transverse colon. 

Okay, let s return to the anatomy lesson. At this point, you need only appreciate that your brain is composed of neurons and some supporting cells, called glia. If you were to extract a very small cube of brain tissue see Fig. i—i), you would find it densely packed with cells, blood vessels, and very little else. The neurons are organized into columns of cells and small gatherings, called nuclei or ganglia, which tend to be involved in related functions. For example, some ganglia control movement, some control body temperature, and some control your mood. 

Schmahmann JD (2003). Vascular syndromes of the thalamus. Stroke 34 2264-2278 Schulz UG, Rothwell PM (2001). Major variation in carotid bifurcation anatomy a possible risk factor for plaque development Stroke 32 2522-2529 Scott BL, Jankovic J (1996). Delayed-onset progressive movement disorders after static brain lesions. Neurology 46 68-74 Wardlaw JM, Merrick MV, Ferrington CM et al. (1996). Comparison of a simple isotope method of predicting likely middle cerebral artery occlusion with transcranial Doppler ultrasound in acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 6 32-39 Wardlaw JM, Lewsi SC, Dennis MS etal. (1999). Is it reasonable to assume a particular embolic source from the type of stroke Cerebrovascular Diseases 9(Supp 1) 14... 

Smith, J.A.C., and Nobel, P.S. 1986. Water movement and storage in a desert succulent Anatomy and rehydration kinetics for leaves of Agave deserti. J. Exp. Bot. 37 1044-1053. 

Detailed studies of anatomy and physiology of the primate eye movement system over the last several decades in av ake, trained animal models have showm that the NOT receives information on retinal slip, i.e., generalized displacement of the... 

This explains the biochemical processes involved, but anatomy also plays a role in movement. The critical spot is the synaptic cleft, the place where the nerve dips into the muscle. Here, the finely branched nerve fiber inserts into a microscopic bit of muscle tissue, and acetylcholine (ACh), the chemical responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse, hooks onto the muscle fibers, stimulating them to contract. Enough calcium at the site makes the process go more smoothly, while magnesium slows the process. To keep ACh from accumulating in the cells, the en2yme cholinesterase destroys the excess. 

Russell, L. (1977). Movement of spermatocytes from the basal to the adluminal compartment of the rat testis. The American Journal of Anatomy, 148(3), 313—328. 

Figure 2. Minute anatomy of the typical angio-sperm Liquidambar styraciflua L. Each type of wood cell is depicted in transverse (A), tangential (B), and radial (C) view the walls of the fiber tracheid cells (FT), vessel segments (VS), and ray cells (R) comprise the bulk of the wood substance sclariform plates (SP) and pit pairs ( ) between adjacent cells permit movement of fluids from one cell to another...

Figure 5.6 Cross-section of a root showing routes of water and solute movement into the plant. [Reproduced from K. Esau s Plant Anatomy , p. 506. Copyright 1965. This material is used hy permission of John Wiley Sons Inc.]...

The conduit characteristics of the venous system primarily depend on the anatomy of the system. Valves in the veins of the limbs are crucial for reducing the pressure in dependent parts of the body. Even small movements from skeletal muscle activity tend to compress the veins and move blood toward the heart. A competent valve then blocks back flow, thus reheving the pressure when the movement stops. Even a few steps can reduce the transmural venous pressure in the ankle from as much as 100 mmHg to about 20 mmHg. Without this mechanism, transcapillary movement of fluid into the extravascular spaces results in edema. Varicose (swollen) veins and peripheral pooling of blood can result from damage to the venous valves. During exercise, the rhythmic contraction of the skeletal muscles, in conjunction with venous... 

In the present studies, the parameters measured varied because of differences in hearf size, anatomy, species movement artifacts, and equipment used. However, certain parameters are constant across the studies, and these are used for comparative purposes. Two of these parameters (or surrogate) are also those used in the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), version 3 (v3), an adverse event rating, which is used for assessing adverse evenfs during clinical trials. These parameters include an assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening of the left ventricle. 

Embley, R.W. 1982. Anatomy of some Atlantic margin sediment slides and some comments on ages and mechanisms. In Marine Slides and Other Mass Movements, NATO Coference Series IV, Marine Sciences, Saxov, S., and Nieuwenhuis, J.K., eds.. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 189-213. 

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