Orbit anatomy

Safe and effective use Safe and effective use of botulinum toxin type A depends upon proper storage of the product, selection of the correct dose, and proper reconstitution and administration techniques. Physicians administering botulinum toxin type A must understand the relevant neuromuscular or orbital anatomy of the area involved and any alterations to the anatomy caused by prior surgical procedures. An understanding of standard electromyographic techniques is also required for treatment of strabismus and may be useful for the treatment of CD. 

Bergin DJ. Anatomy of the eyelids, lacrimal system and orbit. In McCord CD,Tanenbaum M, eds. Oculoplastic surgery, ed. 2. New York Raven Press, 1987. 

Figure 24-4 Cut-away view showing the lacrimal excretory system. Tears drain through the punctum (A) and eventually under the inferior turbinate bone of the nose. Dimensions of the canaliculi serve as references for probing and irrigation. B, canaliculus C, common canaliculus. (Redrawn with permission from Jones LT. Ophthalmic anatomy a manual with some clinical appHcations. 1. The orbital adnexa. Am Acad Ophthalmol 1970 70.)...

Fig. 4. The anatomy of a p-like state . Two isodensity contour maps (+ 0.01 and + 0.03 a.u." ) of the same LUMO orbital are shown side by side. Unlike the p-Uke orbitals in one-electron models, LUMO states in MQC MD-DFT and CIS models have the lobes pushed outwards between the first and the second solvation shells, with < 20% of the spin density residing inside the cavity. This results in considerable firagmentation of the diffuse part of the wavefunction. The O 2p orbitals are strongly polarized, with opposite signs of the orbitals attained by water molecules on the opposite sides of the cavity in the direction of transition dipole moment.

Prince JH, Diesen CD, Eglitis I, et al. Anatomy and Histology of the Eye and Orbit in Domestic Animals. Springrield, IL Charles C Thomas, 1960. 

FIGURE 63-1 Anatomy of the globe in relationship to the orbit and eyelids. Various routes of administration of anesthesia are demonstrated by the needle pathways numbered in blue. 

Cowan, F. B, M., 1969, Gross and microscopic anatomy of the orbital glands of Malaclemmys and other emydine turtles. Can. J. Zool. 47 723-729. 

Modified and amended from Aviv Ri, Casselman J (2005) Orbital imaging Part 1. Normal anatomy. Clin Radiol 60 279-287 and Hintschich C, Rose G (2005) Tumours of the orbit. In Neuro-oncology of CNS tumours. Tonn J (ed). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 269-290... 

---