Anatomy vasculature

Analytical models of the heart are a reality. They are based on detailed descriptions of cardiac tissue architecture and anatomy, including the coronary vasculature. In sihco cardiac tissues possess realistic passive mechanical properties, and both electrical and mechanical activity can be simulated with high accuracy. Descriptions of key components of cellular metabolism have been introduced, as have models of drug-receptor interactions. 

A related idea is that peripheral nerves are the source of the problem and then cause the associated vascular changes via release of 5-HT and other inflammatory mediators. The observation that the changes in the vasculature do not follow vascular anatomy has led to a new theory, that of spreading depression . Here, the primary abnormality is... 

The principal function of the nasal cavity in man is that of airconditioning. The anatomy of the nose permits intimate contact between the inspired air and the mucosal surfaces enabling the air to be warmed and humidified by the vasculature and secretions of the epithelium. Inspired air of 23 °C and 40% relative humidity can be brought to 32 °C and 98% relative humidity upon inhalation via the nose. 

The importance of the spleen in the pathophysiology of the hemolysis of HS has been substantiated. Two factors determine the selective destruction of the HS cells in the spleen (1) poor HS red cell deformability, which is a reflection of a decreased surface-to-volume ratio resulting from the loss of membrane and (2) the unique anatomy of the splenic vasculature, which acts as a microcirculation filter. As shown in Table 6-2, the underlying molecular basis of HS is heterogeneous, and the primary molecular lesion in HS is likely to involve several membrane proteins, including spectrin, ankyrin,... 

Figure 3. Leaf vasculature anatomy. Tracings from light micrographs of (A) soybean leaf cross section showing PVM (arrows) (B) paradermal section of soybean leaf showing interconnecting PVM (shaded cells) and (C) cross section of a wheat leaf showing mestome sheath cells surrounding vascular tissue. Tracings provided by Shiela McKelvey.

A plethora of tests exist to evaluate CVD. Four properties of the CVD system can be evaluated to provide diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic management information. These include (1) electrical conduction, (2) pump function, (3) myocardial perfusion and vasculature competence, and (4) anatomy. Multiple test modalities are available to evaluate each of these functions. Selection of the most appropriate test is complex owing to overlap in available information from different tests, paucity of comparative data between tests, and gold standards that may not have been challenged by new... 

The anatomy of uterine fibroids and uterine artery embolization (UAE) consists of the fibroids, their position in the uterus, and the vasculature associated with the uterus. The vasculature of the ovarian arteries is also important because of the potential for collateral blood flow from the ovarian arteries supplying the fibroids. Communication between the uterine arteries and the ovarian arteries are also important because of the risk of embolization of the ovaries through uterine-ovarian anastomoses. 

Several causes of failure associated with UFE have been identified. These include the inability to can-nulate uterine arteries, arterial spasm, flow restriction, variation of vascular anatomy, and/or misdiagnosis of fibroids as a cause of symptoms. Another important cause of failure is insufficient embolization, with recanalization of the fibroid vasculature occurring minutes to hours after the procedure s completion [5]. 

Fig. 2.4a-c. Axial 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence (a) in a patient with a malignant lesion in the left breast (arrow). The subtraction of the post- from pre-contrast scan can be used to detect the lesion with better conspicuity (b), and the application of an MIP algorithm (c) can give a 3D overview of the lesion, the nearhy anatomy and the overall vasculature of both breasts... 

Horton KM, Fishman EK (2002) Volume-rendered 3D CT of the mesenteric Vasculature Normal Anatomy, Ana-... 

MRA is already used routinely in many centres for evaluation of the carotid arteries and intracerebral vasculature, aortography and assessment of the ileofemoral system. MRA of the coronary arteries is technically more difficult due to their relatively small size, their complex 3D anatomy and their constantly changing position within the thoracic cavity due to cardiac motion and respiration. 

Preoperative imaging of the liver transplant recipient should depict in detail the relevant vasculature anatomy, and reveal the presence of variants that are important for surgical planning (Table 4.2.4 Erbay et al. 2003). The most common arterial variants that are relevant in potential liver transplant recipients include replaced or accessory hepatic arteries from the superior mesenteric artery. A replaced... 

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