Cover layer

Beleg-kdrper, m. covering body or substance, -achaft, /. (set of) workers, gang, crew, -schicht,/. covering layer. 

An electric conductive rubber base containing carbon black is laminated with an electric conductive cover layer of phosphoric acid ester plasticizer and other ionic surfactants to prepare antistatic mats, where the covers have colors other than black. It is also reported that alkyl acid phosphates act as color stabilizer for rubber. Small amounts of phosphate esters are helpful in restoring reclaimed rubber to a workable viscosity [284,290]. Esters of phosphoric acid are used in the production of UV-stable and flame-retarded alkylbenzenesulfonate copolymer compositions containing aliphatic resins and showing a high-impact strength... 

Figure 7.2 Relation between the solvent front position and tine for (1) an enclosed layer with forced-flow development, (2) an exposed layer in a saturated chamber with capillary controlled flow, (3) a covered layer (sandwich chamber) with capillary controlled flow, and (4) an exposed layer in an unsaturated atmosphere with capillary controlled flow. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 30. Copyright Or Alfred Huethlg Publishers).

The minimum thickness specification for an FML top liner covered with a layer of soil is 0.75 mm for an FML without a soil cover layer, the specification is 1.14 mm. An FML in a composite bottom liner system must be at least 0.75 mm thick. Even though these FML thicknesses meet U.S. EPA specifications, 0.75mm is not a suitable thickness for all FML materials. In fact, most FML materials installed at landfills are in the range of 1.50-2.50 mm in thickness. Other key factors affecting the selection of FML materials include chemical compatibility with waste leachate, aging and durability characteristics, stress and strain characteristics, ease of installation, and water vapor/ chemical permeation. 

Extracellular material of a slimy or gelatinous nature is formed by many bacteria, especially those producing mucoid growths. This material may remain firmly adherent as a discrete covering layer on each cell, or it may part freely from the cells. In the former case it is known as a capsule in the latter, as free slime or gum. 

As the mode propagates within the waveguide by total internal reflection, its exponentially decaying evanescent tail extends into both cover and substrate layers over a distance that is characterised by the penetration depth, dp. The extent to which the evanescent field penetrates the cover layer is of vital importance to the operation of evanescent-wave-based sensors. The penetration depth can be calculated from Equation (1) and is typically of the order of the wavelength of the propagating light. 

Redox potentials in the solid state are expected to differ from those in solution [97]. Moreover, there will be shifts in the potentials of a thin film, relative to that of a solid, due to interactions with the metal support and counter electrode, including image-charge effects. There may be an opposite signed shift due to the absence of a covering layer of adsorbed molecules [99]. Another complication is the fact that electrochemical potentials are equilibrium values, and therefore reflect the energy associated with the formation of an ion in its equilibrium geometry. OMTS transitions, as discussed above, may occur so rapidly that the ion is formed in an excited... 

The main soils of Forest Ecosystems are Podzols and Podzoluvisols. There are plenty of various soil subtypes, groups and families among these two main soil types. However, all forest soils have a number of common features originating in the similarity of processes occurring therein. The retarded biological cycle provides the organic materials for the build up of the covering layer on the soil surface. This layer consists... 

A developing embryo produces ABA, which incepts and maintains mature seed dormancy. Germination begins with the uptake of water by imbibition of the dry seed and is followed by embryo expansion. Usually, it is considered complete when the radicle is through all the covering layers. There is still controversy whether... 

Painted-on electrodes likewise need no binder. This is the type best suited for comparing various catalysts when working with gaseous reactants. The thin layer of the material and the direct contact between the catalyst particle and the gas phase at the hydrophobic covering layer ensures maximum utilization... 

Caution. Sodium metal is highly reactive. It should be handled under a covering layer of mineral oil and an atmosphere of dry nitrogen. 

Although Blechta (Ref 33) concluded that LA was too sensitive and unsuitable for practical use, the large and extensive patent and technical literature is evidence of the interest and application of LA in detonators. Hyronimus (Ref 1) was the first to propose the use of LA in priming chges. The use of layers of a HE nitro compd and a covering layer of LA suitable for blasting caps, primers or detonators was patented by Wohler (Ref 2) Rheinisch-Westfalische AG (Ref 3), 3urkard (Ref 7), Will (Ref 5), Matter ( efs 11 31), Eschbach (Ref 15), Friederich (Ref 24),... 

Covering layer Working layer Nickel screen... 

For the preservation of hydrogen sulphide solutions a covering layer of paraffin oil or the addition of such substances as sugar, glycerol or salicylic acid has been suggested 3 in the case of the latter substances it is possible that their negative catalytic effect may be due to their rendering inactive traces of some otherwise powerful catalyst (compare p. 124). 

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