Bird Anatomy

Andres K. (1970). Anatomy and ultrastructure of the olfactory bulb in fish, amphibia, reptiles, birds and mammals. In Taste and Smell in Vertebrates (Wolstenholme G. and Knight J., eds.). J A Churchill, London, pp. 177-193. 

There are many similarities and differences in the anatomy and physiology of mammals, birds, and humans. It is outside the scope of this chapter to elaborate on the individual differences. For a brief review, refer to the third edition of Modern Pharmaceutics [9] and the second edition of Development and Formulation of Veterinary Dosage Forms [10]. 

Functional Anatomy ofthe Olfactory System in Orders of Birds. Basel Karger. 

The constitution of matter by the four elements, and the generally prevalent notions of the constitution of the physical universe, metals, stones, gems, medicines, man and his manners as well as his anatomy, geography, plants, trees, birds, fishes and other animals are treated in the form of a condensed encyclopedia of what was then understood by natural science. It is not difficult to understand the favor in which this work was received in the many new universities of the thirteenth century. 

Example 9. Only about 30 years ago some authorities considered penguins so distinctive in anatomy and way of life as to classify them in a superorder separate from all other bird orders 23 If this were the case, the proteins of ducks and loons should be more similar to each other than those from either group are to penguin proteins. The immunological evidence obtained with four different proteins indicates that the chances are about 1 in 10 billion that this expectation will be fulfilled. Instead, penguin proteins are very similar to those of loons. 

The old French naturalist Belon, who must have been a good deal of an artist, and illustrated his book L Histoire de la Nature des Oyseaux , with many naifs portraicts , initiated this way of dealing with anatomy [. .. the artistic fashion. .., Huxley, 1894 287], The skeleton of a bird is set beside that of a man, and the reader is left to draw the obvious conclusion as to their unity of organisation . 

The possibility of nonspecific chemical signals has scarcely been considered for birds. Given the prominent olfactory anatomy of procellariiforms, however, it should be worth considering. Not only do they possess a uropygial gland, whose lipid secretion has a unique composition at least at the species level, but as in most birds there are also anal glands as well... 

Bang, B. G., 1971, Functional anatomy of the olfactory system in 23 orders of birds, Acta Anat., Suppl. 58, 79 1. 

Jollie M (1957) The head skeleton of the chicken and remarks on the anatomy of this region in other birds. J Morphology 100 389 36. 

See Vincent Cheng, Joyce, Race and Empire (Cambridge University Press, 1995) John McCourt, ed., James Joyce in Context (Cambridge University Press, 2009) Pascale Casanova, Samuel Beckett Anatomy of a Literary Revolution, trans. Gregory Elliott (London Verso, 2006) Kim McMullen, Flann O Brien s Postmodern Dialogue with Irish Tradition, Novel 27 (1993) 62-84 and Gregory Dobbins, Constitutional Laziness and the Novel Idleness, Irish Modernism, and Flann O Brien s At Swim Two Birds, Novel 42 (2009) 86-108. 

The microscopic anatomy of glomus cells in vertebrates has been described in the aortic and carotid bodies of mammals (59,88) and birds (48,68,71) and the carotid labyrinth of amphibians (40,49). Although there is reflex and neurophysiological evidence for 02-sensitive chemoreceptors in the gills of larval amphibia (44,45,83), they have not been examined microscopically. Reptiles do not appear to have distinct carotid bodies or labyrinths. However, clusters of glomus cells have been identified microscopically in the central cardiovascular region, in connective tissue around the pulmonary, carotid, and aortic arches in turtles and lizards (4,42,75). 

As we have seen from the discussion of toxicokinetics, the anatomy and physiology of an organism play key roles in defining the toxicity of a chemical to that organism. Birds have feathers rather than hair this impacts absorption. Aquatic mammals like muskrats have an insulating layer of fur that prevents water from reaching the skin. This will also affect absorption. Cattle have four stomachs and have a large... 

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