Gross anatomy

Relative to body weight, humans have a much lower respiratory rate and cardiac output than rodents. These are the two primary determinants of systemic uptake of volatile chemicals. Therefore, at similar nominal concentrations, rodents absorb substantially more cyanide than primates. From a pharmacokinetic view, lower hepatic rhodanese levels in primates will not be significant at high, acute HCN exposures. It should be noted that Barcroft s subject withstood a 1 min and 31 s exposure at approximately 500 to 625 ppm without immediate effects (Barcroft 1931), whereas mice suffer asphyxia during a 2 min exposure at 500 ppm (Matijak-Schaper and Alarie 1982). Compared with rodents, the respiratory tracts of humans and monkeys are more similar in gross anatomy, the amount and distribution of types of respiratory epithelium, and airflow patterns (Barrow 1986 Jones et al. 1996). 

Fig. 3.1 Schematic diagram of the human respiratory system. The gross anatomy of the lung, the covering membranes (pleura), airways and air sacs (alveoli) are shown. The average diameter of portions of the air flow system are indicated trachea, 20 mm bronchus, 8 mm terminal and respiratory bronchioles, 0.5 mnn alveolar duct, 0.2 mm alveolar sacs, 0.3 mm.

Akbar-Khanzadeh F, Vaquerano MU, Akbar-Khanzadch M, et al. 1994. Formaldehyde exposure, acute pulmonary response, and exposure control options in a gross anatomy laboratory. Am J Ind Med 26 61-75. 

FleisherJM. 1987. Medical students exposure to formaldehyde in gross anatomy laboratories. NY State J Med 87 385-388. 

Perkins JL, Kimbrough JD. 1985. Formaldehyde exposure in a gross anatomy laboratory. J Occup Med 27 813-815. 

Vasudeva N, Anand C. 1996. Cytogenetic evaluation of medical students exposed to formaldehyde vapor in the gross anatomy dissection level. J Am Coll Health 44 177-179. 

Keil, C. B., Akbar-Khanzadeh, F., and Konecny, K. A. (2001). Characterizing formaldehyde emission rales in a gross anatomy laboratory. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 16, 967-972. 

It s estimated that each cortical neuron has an average of 10,000 synapses with other neurons near and far. But these connections do not develop all at once. They are formed in the brain during fetal development, infancy, childhood, and even adulthood. The simple fact that the gross anatomy of a child s nervous system is not completely developed until about n or 12 years of age is another refutation of the idea that neurological wiring is complete at birth and therefore uninfluenced by environment. 

Gross anatomy of the eye prepared by members of the John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah... 

This monograph is designed to serve as a comprehensive reference for clinicians and researchers interested in the meniscus. It includes chapters on gross anatomy, structure and function of the menisci and their mechanical behavior, pathological disorders, clinical and surgical methods of treatment and meniscal disorders. 

Gosling J (1999) Gross anatomy of the lower urinary tract. In Abrams P, Khoury S, Wein AJ (eds) Incontinence. Plym-bridge Distributors Ltd, Plymouth, pp 21-56... 

Early use of barium as a contrast medium involved the swallowing of a meal containing barium sulfate or, alternatively, the infusion of the salt rectally via a saline-buffered barium enema. This produced a dense mass in the intestine which really gave only an outline of the gross anatomy, useful only for diseases involving major structural changes. 

Pansky B. Review of Gross Anatomy, 51h ed. New York Macmillan, 1984. 

Raja DS, Sultana B. Potential health hazards for students exposed to formaldehyde in the gross anatomy laboratory. J Environ Health... 

Qnyije FM, Avwioro OG. Excruciating effect of formaldehyde exposure to students in gross anatomy dissection laboratory. Int J Occup Environ Med 2012 3(2) 92-5. 

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