Anatomy muscles

The sacroplasmic proteins myoglobin and hemoglobin are responsible for much of the color in meat. Species vary tremendously in the amount of sacroplasmic proteins within skeletal muscle with catde, sheep, pigs, and poultry Hsted in declining order of sarcoplasmic protein content. Fat is also an important component of meat products. The amount of fat in a portion of meat varies depending on the species, anatomy, and state of nutrition of the animal. The properties of processed meat products are greatiy dependent on the properties of the fat included. Certain species, such as sheep, have a relatively higher proportion of saturated fat, whereas other species, such as poultry, have a relatively lower proportion of saturated fat. It is well known that the characteristic davors of meat from different species are in part determined by their fat composition. 

Airway cross-sections have the nominal anatomy shown in Fig. 5.16. Airway surface liquid (AST), primarily composed of mucus gel and water, surrounds the airway lumen with a thickness thought to vary from 5 to 10 mm. AST lies on the apical surface of airway epithelial cells (mostly columnar ciliated epithelium). This layer of cells, roughly two to three cells thick in proximal airways and eventually thinning to a single cell thickness in distal airways, rests along a basement membrane on its basal surface. Connective tissue (collagen fibers, basement membranes, elastin, and water) lies between the basement membrane and airway smooth muscle. Edema occurs when the volume of water within the connective tissue increases considerably. Interspersed within the smooth muscle are respiratory supply vessels (capillaries, arteriovenous anastomoses), nerves, and lymphatic vessels. 

FIGURE 29-1. Anatomy of the extrapyramidal system. The extrapyramidal motor system controls muscle movement through a system of pathways and nerve tracts that connect the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, cerebellum, reticular formation, and spinal neurons. Patients with Parkinson s disease have a loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain stem that leads to depletion of dopamine in the corpus striatum. The corpus striatum is made up of the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nuclei that are made up of the putamen and the globus pallidus. 

In June 1977 in intact, completely frozen, baby wooly mammoth (named Dima) was uncovered by a bulldozer operation in the Magadan region of northeastern Siberia. A sample of 1.3 grams of muscle was made available to M. Goodman of the Anatomy Department of Wayne State University School of Medicine. At his request, a sample of about. 9 milligrams, obtained from 4 milligrams of muscle, was dated to have an age of 27,000 years. 

Extensor muscle of the index finger. Variations, a, Accessory muscle to the ring finger, b to e, Accessory manual muscle of several forms. From Barry J. Anson, Atlas of Human Anatomy, p. 160. 

On the basis of the high degree of individuality of excretion patterns demonstrated in our laboratoriesl as well as the genetic considerations set forth in Chapter II, it appears probable that individuality in composition exists. The brain, blood, bones, muscles, and glands are probably distinctive for each individual not only in anatomy but also in chemical composition. This does not mean, of course, that... 

The anatomy of autonomic synapses and junctions determines the localization of transmitter effects around nerve endings. Classic synapses such as the mammalian neuromuscular junction and most neuron-neuron synapses are relatively "tight" in that the nerve terminates in small boutons very close to the tissue innervated, so that the diffusion path from nerve terminal to postsynaptic receptors is very short. The effects are thus relatively rapid and localized. In contrast, junctions between autonomic neuron terminals and effector cells (smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands) differ from classic synapses in that transmitter is released from a chain of varicosities in the postganglionic nerve fiber in the region of the smooth muscle cells rather than boutons, and autonomic junctional clefts are wider than somatic synaptic clefts. Effects are thus slower in onset and often involve many effector cells. 

The female mosquito s blood sampling ability has often been cited as an inspiration for development of microneedle-based systems. A few features of the mosquito anatomy and extraction ability are noteworthy. The mosquito s labium is about 3.5 mm long and narrows to an inner diameter of about 30 pm. The labium is applied to the skin with a hammer-like motion at the rate of 6-7 Hz for penetration. A muscle valve and mouth pump move in concert to create about 7 kPa of negative pressure that is sufficient to extract 1.9 pL of blood in 2 min.54 There is some indication that the mosquito can sense when a source of blood is reached and can change the direction of insertion while partway in the skin to achieve a greater rate of success. While the mosquito has served as inspiration for design and function parameters, man-made devices to date have relatively rudimentary functionality in comparison. 

Understand the anatomy of the skeletal muscle cell, including all its components. 

Watanabe H, Yamamoto TY (1979) Autonomic innervation of the muscle in the wall of the bladder and proximal urethra of male rats. J Anatomy 128 873-886... 

Figure 5.8. The conduction system of the heart, a Anatomy, b Electrical rhythm in the sinoatrial node (top), atrioventricular node (center), and the heart muscle (bottom). The dotted line inb (center) represents the own rhythm of the AV node that normally gets overridden by the faster sinoatrial rhythm (solid line).

An impactor can crush the muscle tissues or any part of the human anatomy. Sometimes two rotating objects can cause crushing of body parts when they are moving toward each other. Common examples include meshing gears, belts running over pulleys, cables on drums, chains on sprockets, rollers on manual type washing machines, and rolls on rubber mills or paper calendars. 

The Biochemistryland map is a way of viewing the key biochemical reactions of the body. The map, though, does not correspond to any known human anatomy. Why, then, should one bother to place the various biochemical reactions in such an artificial format Why not simply draw a liver, intestine, muscle, brain, etc. and indicate the various biochemical reactions therein so that one may know where in the body the individual reactions occur The problem with this approach is that a particular chemical reaction often occurs in many organ systems. If the individual organs were drawn, with the idea of including their chemical reactions inside them, there would be extensive duplication of pathways and an uninterpretable map. If one wishes to draw the individual reactions only once, one needs a different format. The format of the Biochemistryland map allows this, in a way that can be appreciated visually as a whole. 

This explains the biochemical processes involved, but anatomy also plays a role in movement. The critical spot is the synaptic cleft, the place where the nerve dips into the muscle. Here, the finely branched nerve fiber inserts into a microscopic bit of muscle tissue, and acetylcholine (ACh), the chemical responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse, hooks onto the muscle fibers, stimulating them to contract. Enough calcium at the site makes the process go more smoothly, while magnesium slows the process. To keep ACh from accumulating in the cells, the en2yme cholinesterase destroys the excess. 

Factors that also govern the therapeutic effect are the anatomy and physiology of the individual and diseases of the lung. These are uncontrollable variables that are important to be aware of. The lung divides dichotomously over 23 generations until it reaches the alveolar sacs. There are 300 million of these covering more than 140 m2. The conducting airways are covered with smooth muscle and are... 

---