Big Chemical Encyclopedia

Chemical substances, components, reactions, process design ...

Articles Figures Tables About

Use Process

The medication use system in an institutional setting offers even more complexity, with more chances for error. The five subsystems of the medication system in a hospital are selection and procurement of drugs, drug prescribing, preparation and dispensing, drug administration, and monitoring for medication or related effects (11). Evaluation and improvement of medication use quality require consideration of all of these subsystems. [Pg.404]

FIGURE 26.2 Flowchart of the inpatient medication use process, showing the start and end points (dotihle-hoxed rectangles), interveiaing actions (rectangles), and decision-making steps (ovals) required for appropriate, safe, effective, and efficient medication use. (Reproduced with permission from Atkinson AJ Jr, Nadzam DM, Schaff RL. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991 50 125-8.) [Pg.405]


Sublimation. This is a most useful process for small-scale work as the losses are comparatively small. This can be performed (a) In a long narrow tube sealed at one end. The material is shaken to the closed end of the tube, which is then inserted horizontally in a metal-heating block (Fig. 50) (b) In the cold-finger device (Fig. 35, p. 62)-... [Pg.69]

The molecular mechanics force helds available are AMBER95 and CFIARMM. The molecular mechanics and dynamics portion of the code is capable of performing very sophisticated calculations. This is implemented through a large number of data hies used to hold different types of information along with keywords to create, use, process, and preprocess this information. This results in having a very hexible program, but it makes the input for simple calculations unnecessarily complex. QM/MM minimization and dynamics calculations are also possible. [Pg.330]

One important class of point-of-use processes utilizes a porous polymer containing reactive metals. Variations in the metal and polymer chemistry are made to optimize the process for different gas appHcations. This is an active area of development and purifiers are available for most of the principal specialty gases. [Pg.89]

Mitsui Toatsu Chemical, Inc. disclosed a similar process usiag Raney copper (74) shortiy after the discovery at Dow, and BASF came out with a variation of the copper catalyst ia 1974 (75). Siace 1971 several hundred patents have shown modifications and improvements to this technology, both homogeneous and heterogeneous, and reviews of these processes have been pubHshed (76). Nalco Chemical Company has patented a process based essentially on Raney copper catalyst (77) ia both slurry and fixed-bed reactors and produces acrylamide monomer mainly for internal uses. Other producers ia Europe, besides Dow and American Cyanamid, iaclude AUied CoUoids and Stockhausen, who are beheved to use processes similar to the Raney copper technology of Mitsui Toatsu, and all have captive uses. Acrylamide is also produced ia large quantities ia Japan. Mitsui Toatsu and Mitsubishi are the largest producers, and both are beheved to use Raney copper catalysts ia a fixed bed reactor and to sell iato the merchant market. [Pg.135]

The main processes for the manufacture of hydroxybenzaldehydes are based on phenol. The most widely used process is the saligenin process. Saligenin (2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol [90-01-7]) and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol [623-05-2] are produced from base-catalyzed reaction of formaldehyde with phenol (35). Air oxidation of saligenin over a suitable catalyst such as platinium or palladium produces sahcylaldehyde (62). [Pg.506]

Attempts have been made to develop methods for the production of aromatic isocyanates without the use of phosgene. None of these processes is currently in commercial use. Processes based on the reaction of carbon monoxide with aromatic nitro compounds have been examined extensively (23,27,76). The reductive carbonylation of 2,4-dinitrotoluene [121 -14-2] to toluene 2,4-diaLkylcarbamates is reported to occur in high yield at reaction temperatures of 140—180°C under 6900 kPa (1000 psi) of carbon monoxide. The resultant carbamate product distribution is noted to be a strong function of the alcohol used. Mitsui-Toatsu and Arco have disclosed a two-step reductive carbonylation process based on a cost effective selenium catalyst (22,23). [Pg.454]

Electrolytic Reduction. The largest manufacturers of magnesium use processes based on the electrolytic reduction of magnesium chloride... [Pg.314]

The most widely used process for the production of phenol is the cumene process developed and Hcensed in the United States by AHiedSignal (formerly AHied Chemical Corp.). Benzene is alkylated with propylene to produce cumene (isopropylbenzene), which is oxidized by air over a catalyst to produce cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). With acid catalysis, CHP undergoes controUed decomposition to produce phenol and acetone a-methylstyrene and acetophenone are the by-products (12) (see Cumene Phenol). Other commercial processes for making phenol include the Raschig process, using chlorobenzene as the starting material, and the toluene process, via a benzoic acid intermediate. In the United States, 35-40% of the phenol produced is used for phenoHc resins. [Pg.292]

Finishes for aluminum products can be both decorative and useful. Processes in use include anodic oxidation, chemical conversion coating, electrochemical graining, electroplating (qv), thin film deposition, porcelain enameling, and painting. Some alloys respond better than others to such treatments. [Pg.126]

Of the raw material hydrogen sources—natural gas, coal, and petroleum fractions—natural gas is the most often employed in ammonia plants in the 1990s and steam reforming is by far the most often used process. Partial oxidation processes are utilized where steam-reformable feeds are not available or in special situations where local conditions exist to provide favorable economics. Table 5 fists the contribution of the various feedstocks to world ammonia... [Pg.341]

Food Processing. One of the first appHcations of RO was ia the food processiag (qv) iadustry. The primary advantage of RO over the traditionally used processes ia the food iadustry is that RO operates at low temperatures which can prevent the denaturation of some materials used ia foodstuffs. Because high temperatures are not required, energy costs are reduced as well. Moreover, RO is relatively simple ia terms of the equipment design. These factors lead ultimately to a reduction ia capital and operating costs, accompanied by an iacrease ia product quaUty. [Pg.155]

Cyanide destmction by alkaline chlorination is a widely used process. With alkaline chlorination, cyanide is first converted to cyanate with hypochlorite [7681-52-9] at a pH greater than 10. A high pH is required to prevent the formation of cyanogen chloride [506-77-4] which is toxic and may evolve in gaseous form at a lower pH. With additional hypochlorite, cyanate is then oxidized to bicarbonate, nitrogen gas, and chloride. The pH for this second stage is 7—9.5 (6). [Pg.163]

Potential Use. Processes using butylenes as feedstocks have been developed for a group of industrial chemicals that are not currendy produced by these processes or are produced only on a relatively small scale. Such chemicals are isoprene [78-79-5] maleic anhydride [108-31-6] acetic acid [64-19-7] and until recendy, methyl methacrylate and methyl tert-huty ether. These processes are of interest because they may emerge as important processes with suitable improvements, changes in product values, or development of new markets. [Pg.373]

Potassium Permanganate. Probably the most widely used process for removing traces of hydrogen sulfide from carbon dioxide is to scmb the gas with an aqueous solution saturated with potassium permanganate [7722-64-7]. Sodium carbonate is added to the solution as buffer. The reaction is as foUows ... [Pg.22]

High pressure processes P > 150 atm) are catalyzed by copper chromite catalysts. The most widely used process, however, is the low pressure methanol process that is conducted at 503—523 K, 5—10 MPa (50—100 atm), space velocities of 20, 000-60,000 h , and H2-to-CO ratios of 3. The reaction is catalyzed by a copper—zinc oxide catalyst using promoters such as alumina (31,32). This catalyst is more easily poisoned than the older copper chromite catalysts and requites the use of sulfiir-free synthesis gas. [Pg.51]

Similarly, small (0.2—0.6 mm) air bubbles are introduced into a 2.6-m Deister Flotaire column at an intermediate level allowing rapid flotation of readily floatable material in the upper recovery zone. The bottom air permits longer retention time of the harder-to-float particles in the presence of micrometer-sized bubbles at a reduced downward velocity. The first commercial unit went on stream in 1986. It was used to improve the recovery of <0.6 mm (—28 mesh) coal in the plant s tailings. An average of 5.5% increase in coal recovery resulted from its use (14). The second commercial use processed <0.15 mm (—100 mesh) coal feed. [Pg.255]

This was the process used by BASF and Floechst for about 30 years. Later, a variation of the original Fleumann process was made aniline, formaldehyde, and hydrogen cyanide react to form phenylglycinonitrile (40) which is hydrolyzed to phenylglycine. This is the most widely used process for manufacturing indigotin. [Pg.403]

Additional database space must be allocated when intermediate data points are used. A system can be designed to use process I/O points as intermediates. However, the data acquisition software must be programmed to bypass these points when scanned. All system builders provide virtual data point types if the intermediate data storage scheme is adopted. These points are not scanned by the data acquisition software. Memory space reqmrements are reduced by eliminating unnecessary attributes such as hardware addresses and scan frequencies. It should be noted that the fiU-iu-the-forms technique is apphcable to all data point types. [Pg.773]

Other demands (compatibility with existing systems, type of load, compactness, level of automatization, operating life, possibihty to use process fluid as refrigerant)... [Pg.1117]

Eleetrostatie-type separation is being tested as an alternath c to the presently used process oF Rotation oF pebble phosphates For eoarser-size Fractions, Advantages sought include reduced reagent costs, a lower water requirement, and Fewer tailings-disposal problems when a part oF the Rotation circuit is eliminated. The largest application oF triboeleetrie separation is in the salt industry where sodium and potassium salts are separated aFter preconditioning. [Pg.1807]

Use Process Safety Management techniques to minimize the risk to people, and the environment... [Pg.11]

Using Process Safety to Ensure Safety, Product Quality, and Environmental Compliance... [Pg.10]

If the toller was using process equipment loaned to them by their client company or leased from a third party, whether for pro-... [Pg.136]


See other pages where Use Process is mentioned: [Pg.341]    [Pg.6]    [Pg.16]    [Pg.341]    [Pg.347]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.353]    [Pg.75]    [Pg.136]    [Pg.137]    [Pg.505]    [Pg.418]    [Pg.441]    [Pg.245]    [Pg.118]    [Pg.157]    [Pg.374]    [Pg.252]    [Pg.439]    [Pg.479]    [Pg.225]    [Pg.25]    [Pg.743]    [Pg.761]    [Pg.765]    [Pg.781]    [Pg.1681]    [Pg.1902]   


SEARCH



A Swarts reaction and related processes (halogen exchange using HF)

Absorption processes, terms used

Acquisition and Use of Process Design Data

Advanced Process Solutions Using Heterogeneous Catalysis

Algorithm using Parallel Processing

Allocation process projections used

Analysis of common chemicals used in textile wet processes

Baculovirus-based Production of Biopharmaceuticals using Insect Cell Culture Processes

Ball mill process lead oxidation using

Brief description of the currently used processes for decaffeination and their history

Butex process extractant used

Butex process solvent used

Buyer Forecasting Processes Commonly Used

Calculating Rates of Chemical Processes Using Transition State Theory

Caveats in Using Chirality to Probe Biologically Mediated Environmental Processes

Ceramic processing using polysilazane

Commercial Processes using Hydrofluoric Acid as Liquid Catalyst

Computational fluid dynamics materials processing modeling using

Continuous-flow process, using

Control of polymer oxidation during processing and use

Cost efficient process, using zeolite

Definition processing used

Digital processing process control loop using computer

Direct Characterization of Heat-Induced Processes in FAIMS Using Spectral Normalization

Drug discovery synthetic process used

Example Design of Hybrid Systems Using Distillation-Membrane Processes

Examples of processes for decaffeinating coffee using organic solvents

Extraction processes using ultrasound

Fission The process of using a neutron

Fission The process of using a neutron to split

Flow diagram of the manufacturing process for polyolefin foams using radiation cross-linking

Flowsheet optimization using process

Fracturing processes, polymers used

Generation using aerosol processes

Hierarchical nanocomposites processing using

Homogenization processes, using SEM-type

Homogenization processes, using SEM-type valves

How to Use Employees in the Process

Implanters used in CMOS Processing

In Living Systems, Spontaneous Reactions Are Used to Drive Other Nonspontaneous, but Essential, Biochemical Processes

Industrial processes heterogeneous catalysts used

Industrial processes using lead

Lance processes using

Linear programming, process modeling using

Macromolecular Modifiers Used as Polymer Processing Aids

Microencapsulation process, use

Modeling of Processing Machines Using Elementary Steps

Monitoring of Membrane Processes Using Fluorescence Techniques Advances and Limitations

Monsanto acetic acid process catalysts used

Nanocasting process, using ordered

Neural Networks Used for Modeling of Processes Involving Pharmaceutical Polymers

Nonthermal processes used in EUV optics contamination mitigation

Other Examples of Processes Using Water as a Solvent

Other Industrially Used Aqueous-biphasic Processes

Overview of the Probabilistic Safety Process Using Event Trees

Petrochemical processing catalysts used

Point-of-use processing

Practical Use of Electrokinetic Processes

Preparation of Nanosuspensions Using the Bottom-Down Process

Process Analysis using Information Systems

Process Intensification Achieved Through the Use of Flow Reactors

Process Models Developed Using Other Observations

Process Plant Hazard Review using HAZOP

Process control, monitoring using

Process engineering and design using Visual Basic

Process in industrial use

Process intensification chemical, using catalysts

Process intensification using microreactor

Process modeling using linear programming program models

Process solvent use

Processes Known, but not Used for Safety Reasons

Processes Using Aggregate Planning

Processes Using L-Amidases

Processes Using L-Amino Acylases

Processes Using L-Hydantoinases

Processes Using Mixed Solvents

Processes Using Molybdenum Disulphide Alone

Processes Using Solid-State Acid Catalysts

Processes using

Processes using

Processes using ultrasound

Processing Parameters for Commonly Used Binders

Processing Payments Using a Smart Card System

Processing materials use

Processing protein-nanoparticle composites using extrusion

Processing techniques and applications used for the Biopol range of polymers

Processing using supercritical fluids

Processing, and Use Information

Product, Process and Use Patents

Proper Use of Spectral Processing

Protein engineering process using sequence activity

Purchase Costs of the Most Widely Used Process Equipment

Purex process extractant used

Purex process solvent used

Recorded process temperature using

Redox process extractant used

Refining Processes Used in Fuel Production

Results using simulated process

Results using simulated process measurements

Ruthenium process using

SPM Using Dynamic Process Models

Searching using Parallel Processing

Skill 22.1 Using chemical principles (including thermodynamics) to analyze important biochemical processes (e.g., synthesis, degradation, electron transport, oxidative phosphorylation)

Solid Sulphur Using Compression and Refrigeration (Batch Process)

Solvent Use in Process Development

Solvent extraction processes extractants used

Sorption process characterization using

Special Injection Processes Using HR

Steam-Iron Process Using Methane as Feedstock

Step 4 Use Values in Designing Your Safety Process

Surface modification process using plasma

Techniques used in GPPS processes

Terminology and processes used in drug manufacture

The Batch Process Used in China

The Use of Alternative Modes and Techniques in Process Situations

The use of centrifuges in processing

The use of coatings to prevent corrosion in process vessels operating at elevated temperatures and pressures

The use of enzymes in fruit juice processing

The use of solid-supported reagents in noncatalytic flow processes

Thermal processes used in EUV optics contamination mitigation

Total carbon emissions from various process steps, using aromatic- and vegetable-based solvents

USE OF PRESS FOR MODEL STRUCTURE SELECTION IN PROCESS IDENTIFICATION

USE OF PRESS FOR PROCESS MODEL SELECTION

Units Used for Countercurrent Ion-Exchange Processes

Use a Proven Process and Build on Basic Values

Use and process

Use as processing aid

Use in Chemical Processes

Use in catalytic processing

Use in ceramic processing

Use in materials processing

Use of Experimental Design in Formulation and Process Development

Use of Process Simulators

Use of Process-intensifying Parameters

Use of Reactively Processed Composites

Use of the Electrokinetic Process to Improve Phytoremediation

Used for Measurements of Nitrogen Cycle Process Rates

Usefulness of Process Simulation

Using S-Graph to Address Exogenous Uncertainty in Processes Scheduling

Using Ultrasound to Assist Various Steps of the Analytical Process

Using isotope correlation diagrams and epsilon plots to recognize mixing processes

Using reversible processes to define the entropy

Water-free cleaning processes using HFE (hydrofluoroethers) in combination with a cosolvent

Why Use Interactive Multi-Objective Optimization in Chemical Process Design

© 2024 chempedia.info