Existing Systems

Design Methods. Improvements ia the ability to predict multicomponent equilibrium and mass-transfer rate performance will allow significant improvements ia the design of new adsorption systems and ia the energy efficiency of existing systems. 

The following information is customarily requited for thorough design of new air conditioning systems or renovation of existing systems. 

Viable glass fibers for optical communication are made from glass of an extremely high purity as well as a precise refractive index stmcture. The first fibers produced for this purpose in the 1960s attempted to improve on the quahty of traditional optical glasses, which at that time exhibited losses on the order of 1000 dB/km. To achieve optical transmission over sufficient distance to be competitive with existing systems, the optical losses had to be reduced to below 20 dB/km. It was realized that impurities such as transition-metal ion contamination in this glass must be reduced to unprecedented levels (see Fig. 

At times, the process stream flow must be increased after the initial installation to satisfy production demands. Depending on the magnitude of the increase, the existing system may or may not be able to handle the added flow. If it can, regeneration frequency must increase. Adding more resin to the column is often considered an alternative to installing another column. Resin addition lessens the space for backwash and may be a cause for poor column performance. 

Conceptual Design of MHD Repowered Plant. The first step toward MHD plant commercialization is a pilot-scale demonstration plant. Repowering of existing plants, actively under study both in the United States and elsewhere (65), allows use of existing systems at considerable cost savings compared to building a new plant from the ground up. It also ensures that the pilot scale demonstration occurs in a reaHstic utiHty environment and... 

Other demands (compatibility with existing systems, type of load, compactness, level of automatization, operating life, possibihty to use process fluid as refrigerant)... 

Sometimes there is no practical, economical way to reduce deposition, protect surfaces cathodically, change design and operation, or treat existing systems chemically. A material change is required. The most economical solution usually is to coat existing structures with water-impermeable, sacrificial, or corrosion-resistant materials. 

The total sequence of auto-synehronizing a standby generating unit with an existing system can thus be summarized as follows ... 

Also ealled the DUH Factor. You ll need to gather information from pressure gauges mounted to the existing system. With the previously mentioned formulas, the Hf and the Hv are estimated in the initial phase when everything is new. The Baehus Custodio method measures the exact Hf and Hv in any existing system. It doesn t matter when it was built. 

Existing stationary sources may require modification of existing systems or installation of newer, more efficient control devices to meet more restrictive emission standards. Such changes are often required by control agencies when it can be shown that a new control technology is superior to older... 

To determine the amount of air leak in an existing system, estimate the total volume of the system. Operate the ejector to secure a pressure somewhat less than 15 inches Hgabs. Then isolate the ejector from the system. Measure the time required for a rise in pressure in the vessel (say 2 inch Hg). It is essential that the absolute pressure does not rise above 15 inches Hg abs during this time. The following formula will then give the leakage ... 

For the purpose of quick estimates or field evaluation of existing systems, consider the curve in Figure 3-27. This curve is not meant to supersede a comprehensive analysis as previously discussed. It should be used in checking vendor proposals or in revising existing installations where a single cylinder is connected to a header without the interaction of multiple cylinders. While not a hard rule, the curve should be conservative for... 

For this reason many organizations use different calculation methods in practice, even if it is known that the situation may change in the near future. Organizations must get used to using these methods. Renewing an existing system is easier than starting a new system. 

The existing quality system requirements do have some of the above requirements but it is ISO/TS 16949 in which the full impact of their relationship is evident. It follows therefore that in making the transition from your existing system to an ISO/TS 16949 compliant system, the first step is to establish the extent to which your existing system possesses these linkages and feedback loops - a sort of coherence check to verify your system is not just a bolt-on extra. 

The next step is to assess whether your existing system possesses all the additional processes that are required. The following are some of the key processes that may not be addressed by existing automotive quality systems ... 

Where PSM is being extended to cover additional functions at a plant with installed PSM systems, the extension can be done at minimum cost. In such cases several staff-months of effort should suffice. If you apply PSM to an activity or location without existing PSM programs, the effort is greater. For example, installation of PSM at a terminal operation would require adaptation of existing systems to the nature and scope of the terminal operation, training of personnel, and roll-out of programs. The effort per employee involved in this will be similar to the effort involved in each plant s PSM roll-out. 

The approach taken to defining priorities in your initial implementation (see Chapter 5) can be applied internationally as well. Priorities will be driven by the risks and by the existing systems that are already in place to help manage those risks. 

Chapter 4 focuses on techniques which are applied to a new or existing system to optimize human performance or qualitatively predict errors. Chapter 5 shows how these teclmiques are applied to risk assessment, and also describes other techniques for the quantification of human error probabilities. Chapters 6 and 7 provide an overview of techniques for analyzing the underlying causes of incidents and accidents that have already occurred. 

Keep the presentation focused on the integration project do not be drawn into discussions on particular strengths or weaknesses of the existing systems. If possible, illustrate expected improvements using existing measures of performance. Where performance measures do not exist, propose them, and propose to define the existing level of performance in order to measure future improvement. 

---