Definition processing used

The term feedstock in this article refers not only to coal, but also to products and coproducts of coal conversion processes used to meet the raw material needs of the chemical industry. This definition distinguishes between use of coal-derived products for fuels and for chemicals, but this distinction is somewhat arbitrary because the products involved in fuel and chemical appHcations are often identical or related by simple transformations. For example, methanol has been widely promoted and used as a component of motor fuel, but it is also used heavily in the chemical industry. Frequendy, some or all of the chemical products of a coal conversion process are not isolated but used as process fuel. This practice is common in the many coke plants that are now burning coal tar and naphtha in the ovens. 

Fig. 2. Dual-pressure process using extended absorption for NO abatement. RC = refrigerated cooling see Figure 1 for other definitions.

Definition and Uses of Standards. In the context of this paper, the term "standard" denotes a well-characterized material for which a physical parameter or concentration of chemical constituent has been determined with a known precision and accuracy. These standards can be used to check or determine (a) instrumental parameters such as wavelength accuracy, detection-system spectral responsivity, and stability (b) the instrument response to specific fluorescent species and (c) the accuracy of measurements made by specific Instruments or measurement procedures (assess whether the analytical measurement process is in statistical control and whether it exhibits bias). Once the luminescence instrumentation has been calibrated, it can be used to measure the luminescence characteristics of chemical systems, including corrected excitation and emission spectra, quantum yields, decay times, emission anisotropies, energy transfer, and, with appropriate standards, the concentrations of chemical constituents in complex S2unples. 

The three historical approaches to certification mentioned above were recently expanded to identily seven modes that are used at NIST for value assignment for chemical composition (May et al. 2000). These seven modes and the resulting values are summarized in Table 3.13. The basic principles of value assignment remain unchanged however, these modes now provide a well-defined link between the process used for value assignment and the definition of the assigned value (i.e. certified, reference, or information value). The terms described above provide a clear indication of the level of confidence that NIST has in the accuracy of the assigned value. The definition of a certified value implies that NIST must be involved in the measurement process for the value to be classified as a NIST certified value (see modes 1-3 in Table 3.13). Thus, modes 4 and 7, which do not involve NIST measure-... 

There are two methods currently used to produce green coffee beans they will be described here as the wet and the dry methods. However, an alternative nomenclature is often used washed and natural processing , respectively, and to avoid a misunderstanding it is often necessary to obtain a definition of the processing used on a given batch of coffee beans. 

In a recent study [14] we have collected and tabulated information on chemocat-alytic asymmetric processes operated in regular production, as well as on those in the pilot- and bench-scale state a statistical summary of this information is presented in Table 37.2. The following definitions were used ... 

As CMP materials are constantly progressing, it would be delusive to propose definitive practical recipes. However, taking into account all the elements previously set out, some cleaning processes using a scrubber or wet chemistries adapted to some typical CMP situations can be proposed for example purposes (see Table II). 

The trend was definitely toward the principle of fixed composition, but the empirical evidence in its support was still unreliable and allowed room for the doubts of the honest sceptic. Credit is usually given to Joseph-Louis Proust for bringing the law of definite proportions into the continuing consciousness of the chemical community. Proust thought his data justified the assumption of fixed composition and took it as a firm operating principle, very much as Lavoisier had assumed the conservation principle as an axiom. For example, Proust claimed that the quantity of copper oxide prepared from copper carbonate was always the same whatever process used, and that every chemical entity was characterized by a fixed composition. 

The PV is greatly reduced by the refining process used for most vegetable oils. Virgin olive oils are not exposed to such processes and the PVs permitted in these products are considerably higher. Extra-virgin olive oils are permitted PVs <20 meq/kg under international standards, whereas pure olive oils, which by definition are blends of virgin and refined olive oils, are required to have PVs <10 meq/kg. 

The encoding process used for standard definition television (SDTV) is shown in Figure 5.12. First, the nonlinear quantity luma is computed from the nonlinear RGB values. Then the color differences between the red channel and luma as well as the blue channel and luma are computed. These two differences are called chroma. The R — Y channel is scaled by 0.564 and is denoted by PR. The B — Y channel is scaled by 0.713 and is denoted by Pb- This is called the Y PbPr color space. The transform shown in Figure 5.12 can be... 

Steam sterilization is the method mostly used to sterilize freeze-dryers. High-quality, ultra-pure steam (water for injection standard USP XXII or PhEur equivalent) is used to achieve a minimum exposure of 121 °C for 30 min or the equivalent temperature-time combination for effective sterilization (Table 2.4.1). This method is easy to validate and is recommended by regulatory authorities as being reliable. The definition of sterilization is a validated process used to render a product surface free of all forms of viable micro-organisms (EN 556-1 2001). According to the authorities, a product or surface is only sterile when a validated sterilization process has been applied (EN 550, EN 552, EN 554, EN ISO 14160 and EN ISO 14937). 

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