Ruthenium process using

The CATIVA process uses an iridium catalyst promoted by ruthenium... 

Our interest in silicon chemistry quite naturally led to a study of the hydrosilation reaction, the addition of the Si-H group across an olefin or an acetylene. This reaction is one of the most useful methods of making silicon-carbon bonds and is an important industrial process. Typically, homogeneous catalysts based on platinum, rhodium or ruthenium are used, and while very efficient, they are not recoverable(46). 

Sydox [Sydney oxidation] A process for destroying polychlorinated biphenyls by oxidation. A catalyst containing ruthenium is used, and the temperature is kept below 100°C to prevent the formation of dioxins. Developed by J. Beattie at the University of Sydney in the 1980s by 1991 it had not been piloted. 

Ruthenium is used as a catalyst to affect the speed of chemical reactions, but is not altered by the chemical process. It is also used as a drug to treat eye diseases. 

It should be noted that the KAAP process uses a ruthenium catalyst rather than an iron-based catalyst. The advantages of this catalyst and the KAAP process are discussed below57. In 2001 it was reported that Project and Development India Ltd. (PDIL) had a research program in place to produce ammonia at low temperature (100°C) and low pressure (20 to 40 kg/cm2 g). The catalyst is based on cobalt and ruthenium212. 

Nevertheless, with the exception of uses in ROMP processes, only a limited number of industrial processes use olefin metathesis. This is mainly due to difficulties associated with removing ruthenium from the final products and recycling the catalyst. To tackle these problems, there is tremendous activity in this area, dealing with supported or tagged versions of homogeneous catalysts. 

Recycled solutions of 2 initiated ROMP as quickly as the recycled Ru(III) solutions, closer examination of which revealed NMR resonances identical to those of the alkene protons in 2 [25]. It was therefore suggested that a key step in the initiation process using Ru(III) was the in situ formation of a Ru(II)-alkene complex [27]. Current evidence supports the disproportionation of the Ru(III) species to form Ru(II) and Ru(IV) species, followed by formation of a Ru(II)-alkene complex [25]. The equilibrium constant for disproportionation is small, accounting for the poor initiation efficiency of the Ru(III) systems [30]. An alternative, the disproportionation of an equilibrium amount of Ru(III)-alkene complex to a Ru(II)-alkene complex and a Ru(IV) species, is unlikely since Ru(III)-alkene complexes are generally unstable. Formation of a ruthenium alkylidene, the requi-... 

Mitsubishi [29] describe a continuous liquid phase process using a ruthenium-organic pho hine stabilised homogeneous catalyst. The best result quoted was a 99.2% SAN conversion with 93% selectivity to GBL and 7% highboilers at 205°C and 40 Kg cm G hydrogen partial pressure. The process uses a high boiling point polyether solvent to facilitate the separation of the GBL from the catalyst. 

Despite significant progress toward catalytic processes, more efficient catalysts were necessary. Cobalt and ruthenium complexes used for this reaction possessed nontunable ligands, which posed serious limitations to expand the reaction scope. Titanium catalysts were shown to be more versatile and also used in the catalytic enantioselective version of the reaction. Nevertheless, the applications of the titanium-based catalyst were hampered by its high moisture sensitivity. ... 

Shi, F., Tse, M. and Seller, M. (2007). A Novel and Convenient Process for the Selective Oxidation of Naphthalenes with Hydrogen Peroxide, Adv. Synth. Catal, 349, pp. 303-308 Shi, F., Tse, M. and Seller, M. (2007). Selective Oxidation of Naphthalene Derivatives with Ruthenium Catalysts Using Hydrogen Peroxide as Terminal Oxidant, J. Mol. Catal. A Chem., 270, pp. 68-75 Wienhofer, G., Schroder, K., Moller, K., et al. (2010). A Novel Process for Selective Ruthenium-catalyzed Oxidation of Naphthalenes and Phenols, Adv. Synth. Cataly., 352, pp. 1615-1620. 

The development of a new generation of catalysts and semiconductors will be needed if a photochemical process (using solar radiation) is to be viable, but research and development in this area is growing rapidly. The sources of hydrogen include hydrocarbons, alcohols, and organic acids. Ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium catalysts, and various arsenide, selenide, and telluride semiconductors (see Chapter 15), may lead the way to an efficient system. 

Over H, Knapp M, Lundgren E, Seitsonen AP, Schmid M, Varga P (2004) Visualization of atomic processes on ruthenium dioxide using scanning tunneling microscopy. Chemphyschem 5 167-174... 

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