Low-value products

Truck transportation is used to move coal to a transloader for placement onto a water or rail carrier, or for direct shipment to the customer. Trucks have the advantage of routing flexibility and modest capital rcquircliiclits, but coal can be ccoiiniiiically transported for at most about 100 miles (160 km) one-way nr less, due to the high unit cost of moving a low-value product in relatively small batches. 

Visbreaking is a mild thermal cracking process that reduces the viscosity of heavy fuel oils and reduces the amount of low-viscosity blending stocks that must be added to the heavy residuals to meet viscosity specifications of the specific heavy fuel oil. The amount of heavy fuel oil production by a refinery is reduced by 20—30 percent if a visbreaker is used. The refinery profitability is improved with visbreaker operation, because heavy fuel oils are low value products. 

The ability to convert wastes or low-value products to higher value products. 

The recovery of products from biotechnological processes has traditionally been focused on bench-scale separation approaches, such as electrophoresis or column liquid chromatography. These methods are dilScult to scale up to production levels and often become prohibitively expensive for medium-and low-value products. 

Because a relatively low-value product is produced, the cost-effectiveness of the enzyme is crucial to success. Therefore Cultor have produced a regenerable immobihsed enzyme. Using this product the process is started using columns of support that have been only... 

In the parallel reaction scheme (fifth row in Table 2.1), competition is observed between the two reactions when only one of the products is required and the other one is a secondary undesired or a low value product. In this case, the degree of... 

Assessment of the Business Impacts of New Regulations in the Chemicals Sector Phase 2 Availability of Low Value Products and Product Rationalisation, Final Report prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise, Risk and Policy Analysts, London, UK, 2003, p.9. 

Iron Oxide unspecified 1332-37-2 unspecified low value products... 

Hi) Reduced Releases, Product Recovery. Vapors that remain in the tank can be recovered as product, provided their recovery does not violate product vapor pressure limits. Since the more volatile compounds typically concentrate in emissions, their recovery may require removing some butane, a light hydrocarbon normally added to gasoline for vapor pressure control. Where butane can be sold or consumed, recovery should not present a serious problem. But in some refineries, excess butane is a low-valued product and cannot be sold economically. 

Because the supply of new oil must start small and grow with demand, it is useful to find some low-volume, high-value products that will support the crop through its early years of development until the supply is adequate to be used for high-volume, low-value products. 

Recovery of components through extraction and back-extraction is usually characterized by low energy and reagent consumption but relatively high capital cost. The parameters affecting equipment cost therefore have strong effects on process economics, particularly for low-value products such as mineral acids. Extractant composition affects equipment cost, because (1) the distribution coefficients determine the extractant/aqueous phase volume ratio in extraction and in back-extraction and thereby the... 

Products with a high per-unit cost require a large inventory investment. Consequently, high-value products typically will require shorter supply chains (fewer members) in order to minimize total inventory investment. But supply chains tend to be longer when the unit value is low, unless sales volume is high. In general, intensive distribution is used for low-value products. 

Nowack, M., Hoppe, H., Guenther, E., 2012. Review and downscaling of hfe cycle decision support tools for the procurement of low-value products. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 17, 655—665. 

Excellent control of environment for high-value products and reduced electrical energy consumption for low-value products. 

---