Process intensification chemical, using catalysts

In summary, the Avada process is an excellent example of process intensification to achieve higher energy efficiency and reduction of waste streams due to the use of a solid acid catalyst. The successful application of supported HP As for the production of ethyl acetate paves the way for future applications of supported HP As in new green processes for the production of other chemicals, fuels and lubricants. Our results also show that application of characterization techniques enables a better understanding of the effects of process parameters on reactivity and the eventual rational design of more active catalysts. 

Process intensification can be considered to be the use of measures to increase the volume-specific rates of reaction, heat transfer, and mass transfer and thus to enable the chemical system or catalyst to realize its full potential (2). Catalysis itself is an example of process intensification in its broadest sense. The use of special reaction media, such as ionic liquids or supercritical fluids, high-density energy sources, such as microwaves or ultrasonics, the exploitation of centrifugal fields, the use of microstructured reactors with very high specific surface areas, and the periodic reactor operation all fall under this definition of process intensification, and the list given is by no means exhaustive. 

Gas-liquid-solid reactors with a trickle-flow regime are the most widely used type of three-phase reactors and are usually operated under steady-state conditions. The behavior of this kind of reactor under the other three-phase fixed-bed reactors is rather complex due to gas and liquid flow concurrently downward through a catalyst packing. For process intensification it is required to improve some of the specific process steps in such chemical reactors. Figure 4.1 shows an overview of different factors that influenced the trickle-bed reactor performance. 

Taking into consideration the fact that fast polymerisation processes are characterised by inequality of chemical reaction time and transfer time ( chem < it is clear that an increase of facilitates the decrease of and both these processes are comparable in duration. The increase in linear flow rate V, i.e., the intensification of heat and mass exchange in the system, is equivalent to a slow dovm of the polymerisation reaction itself, compared with the transfer process. Therefore, the conventional approaches to external heat removal, which normally have such a restrictive effect on conventionally designed fast polymerisation processes implemented in stirred tank reactors, play an essential role at both high V and values when quasi-plug flow tubular turbulent reactors are used. In this case, control of the external temperature can be significantly enchanced due to zone-type catalyst loading. 

From the point of view of catalytic activity and in terms of selectivity and waste production, zeolites are the most traditional microporous catalysts with clear advantages over the conventionally used homogeneous acid catalysts. Zeolites find applications in the petrochemical and fine chemical industries, and also in gas separation, purification, and ion exchange [13-15] in addition, zeolites are used in pharmaceutical industry, sensing microsystems, nanotechnology, the intensification process, and green chemistry. 

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