Acquisition and Use of Process Design Data

The discussions in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 show that the interaction among enthalpies of reaction, reaction kinetics, and surrounding conditions is of paramount importance relative to the existence of potential thermal hazards such as runaways. Whereas valuable information on parameter sensitivity can be estimated by a theoretical approach, it remains of vital importance to evaluate hazards by appropriate and adequate laboratory tests to obtain information on the rates of heat and gas generation, and the maximum quantities of heat and gas involved. Materials which are real to the process should be used in tests to assure that the effects of any contaminants are recognized. 

Two sources to obtain this necessary information are the use of data bases and through experimental determinations. Enthalpies of reaction, for example, can be estimated by computer programs such as CHETAH [26, 27] as outlined in Chapter 2. The required cooling capacity for the desired reactor can depend on the reactant addition rate. The effect of the addition rate can be calculated by using models assuming different reaction orders and reaction rates. However, in practice, reactions do not generally follow the optimum route, which makes experimental verification of data and the determination of potential constraints necessary. 

2 Bench-Scale Equipment for Batch/Tank Reactors 

Since the early 1970s, studies on small-scale batch and semi-batch reactors have been carried out in the industrialized community. These studies resulted, in some cases, in the development of commercially available bench-scale reactors (BSR), such as the RC1 from Mettler-Toledo [184], and the Contalab 

In the late 1980s, more specialized bench-scale equipment was developed, such as the polymerization reactor [186], and a unit for catalytic reaction studies [187]. 

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To complement these single-point data with data representing the time- and temperature-dependent behavior of plastics useful in product design, a similar document has been developed which deals with the acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data. It has three parts ISO 11403 -1 which deals with mechanical properties ISO 11403-2, which addresses the thermal and processing properties and ISO 11403-3, which focuses on environmental influences on properties. Similar to ISO 10350-1, the multipoint data standards ISO 11403-1 and -2 also define the types of specimens for testing, how the tests should be conducted, and provide a technically sound fi amework for acquisition of multipoint data. 

Apparatus. Since all the polymer modification reactions presented in this paper involved gas consumption, an automated gas consumption measuring system was designed, fabricated and used to keep constant pressure and record continuously the consumption of gas in a batch type laboratory scale reactor. Process control, data acquisition, and analysis was carried out using a personal computer (IBM) and an interface device (Lab-master, Tecmar Inc.). 

In most of the research summarized here, a homebuilt UHV-compatible Aarhus STM instrument (Fig. lb) was used, which represents a successful solution to the problem of designing a stable high-resolution microscope (55). It features state-of-the-art atomic resolution, and the compact, rigid design with a high mechanical frequency also allows for high sampling frequencies (i.e., fast data acquisition that enables observation of dynamic processes on the surface) (57). 

Group B elements describe the type, quantity, and quality of data to be collected, and the field and laboratory activities that will be used for data acquisition. The sampling process design (Bl) derived from the project DQOs includes the definitions... 

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