Recorded process temperature using

Label four 250-mL beakers 1, 2, 3, and 4. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 100 mL of distilled water into Beaker 1. Measure and record the temperature of the water in Data Table 1. Repeat this process three more times for the remaining three beakers. 

Research chemists found that they could modify the conducting properties of solids by doping them, a process commonly used to control the properties of semiconductors (see Section 3.13). In 1986, a record-high Ts of 35 K was observed, surprisingly not for a metal, but for a ceramic material (Section 14.24), a lanthanum-copper oxide doped with barium. Then early in 1987, a new record T, of 93 K was set with yttrium-barium-copper and a series of related oxides. In 1988, two more oxide series of bismuth-strontium-calcium-copper and thallium-barium-calcium-copper exhibited transition temperatures of 110 and 125 K, respectively. These temperatures can be reached by cooling the materials with liquid nitrogen, which costs only about 0.20 per liter. Suddenly, superconducting devices became economically viable. 

For routine production, it is important to adequately record process details (e.g., time, temperature, equipment used) and to record all changes that have occurred. A maintenance log can be useful in performing failure investigations concerning a specific manufacturing lot. Validation data (along with specific test data) may also determine expected variance in product or equipment characteristics. 

Electronic records are created when their component raw data is processed and stored to a durable media. From this point on, electronic records require audit trails and metadata to be maintained as discussed later. Examples of electronic raw data used to compile electronic records include calculations used to determine a sample potency range, individual temperamre readings from an autoclave used to plot a temperature profile, individual points used to plot a peak in a... 

The SkiBlades defect rate was mostly steady, with one exception on day 13. A team of process experts then discovered a correlation between fluctuations in the temperature of the resin curing oven and the defective pulls that broke away from the boots. At the team s recommendation, the temperature controller was replaced with a more modem unit, and the oven temperature was recorded and monitored using a Process Behavior Chart. 

A 20-variable process data (temperature recordings only) is considered. This benchmark data set is composed of measurements recorded from temperature sensors. The first 450 measurements are used to build the PCA model and the remaining 342 samples are utilized as a test set. Known disturbances reported for the test set are given in Table 8.2. It was pointed out that not all the disturbances in the test set have been previously identified. 

Copolymers with all of the comonomers in Table VI have commercial value, but the copolymer containing vinyl acetate is the most important and is plasticized internally. Major uses include coatings, floor coverings, and phonograph records for which low melt viscosity, lower processing temperatures, freedom from external plasticizers, and solubility are required. Copolymerization with vinyl acetate reduces tensile strength, heat distortion temperature, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, and heat stability. However, less heat stability is required because these copolymers can be processed at lower temperatures. 

Sterilization by moist heat is suitable only for water-wettabie materials and aqueous solutions. Both temperature and pressure should be used to monitor the process. The temperature recorder should normally be independent of the controller, and there should be an independent temperature indicator, the reading from which is routinely checked against the chart recorder during the sterilization period. For sterilizers fitted with a drain at the bottom of the chamber, it may also be necessary to record the temperature at this position, throughout the sterilization period. There should be... 

Fig. 8. Swelling ratio of isotactic PP recorded from extrusion process using single screw extruder at various processing temperatures.

For tunnel pasteurisers time temperature indicators that travel through the tunnel recording the temperatures that containers are subjected to, and for what time, can be used to monitor the process. 

---