Use and process

TSCA does not exphcitly define use, but it is a very important concept throughout the statutory scheme. It is intertwined with the term process. Unfortunately for anyone interested in clarity, the EPA has issued guidances that define the terms use and process differently for different sections of the statute. Sometimes use encompasses processing and sometimes it does not In the context of manufacture for export only, the EPA has indicated that use and process are mutually exclusive, when it said  

For the purposes of the solely for export exemption, then, an intermediate or reactant is used and not processed, and use and process do not overlap. 

In contrast, in the context of 4 test rules, the EPA may require only manufacturers and processors to conduct testing, and so in this context the EPA s definition of process is predictably expansive, and the terms use and process overlap. In a proposed test rule from 1980, the EPA stated that chemically reacting a substance is processing  

It should be noted that the term processor under TSCA has a much broader meaning than the common or industry s meaning. The following examples 

Example 1. A person reacts chemicals X and Y to produce a new chemical substance, Z. This person is a processor of X and Y and a manufacturer of Z. This example is closest to industry s meaning of the term. 

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In-plant controls are perhaps the best approach to eliminate waste generation and pollution problems, and many times good payback exists on recovery of products lost because of poor process controls. If the production department is responsible for the generation and in-plant control of wastes, this will help ensure that initial standards for water use and process loss are reasonable and that they are maintained (33). 

Processing and Applications. Latexes are used in a variety of special ways to provide useful products. The following items illustrate both uses and processes for latexes (165). 

Because of their unique blend of properties, composites reinforced with high performance carbon fibers find use in many structural applications. However, it is possible to produce carbon fibers with very different properties, depending on the precursor used and processing conditions employed. Commercially, continuous high performance carbon fibers currently are formed from two precursor fibers, polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and mesophase pitch. The PAN-based carbon fiber dominates the ultra-high strength, high temperature fiber market (and represents about 90% of the total carbon fiber production), while the mesophase pitch fibers can achieve stiffnesses and thermal conductivities unsurpassed by any other continuous fiber. This chapter compares the processes, structures, and properties of these two classes of fibers. 

These Guidelines are designed to be adaptable to the needs of most operations involved in the storage, transfer, use, and processing of hazardous materials, and the information is intended to be adapted by the reader. 

Sampling. Composite or continuous sampling furnishes water samples that are more representative than grab or batch samples. If possible, such samples should be used and processed immediately to avoid storage problems. However, the collection of small-volume samples may be more easily accomplished by batch sampling. 

The leuco compounds of anthraquinoid dyes have a high affinity for the cellulose fiber and give dyeings that meet the highest fastness requirements in use and processing. 

What are the main factors of the dynamics of land use and processes on land surface ... 

Svonja G. In Campbell GM, Webb C, McKee SL, eds. Cereals Novel Uses and Processes. New York, NY Plenum Press 1997 177-183. 

There is no ideal simulated test method for measuring oxidative and/or processing stabilities. The further one gets from actual environmental (use) and processing conditions, the less likely will the performances of the polymers correlate with commercial usage and processing. 

Given the importance of the oxidation states of the actinides in reprocessing and the capability of heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts to manipulate the valence states of a wide range of metal ions, attention has been given to the potential applications of photocatalysis in nuclear reprocessing scenarios [59-65]. The attractions of this are twofold, and lead to a further minimisation of the environmental impact associated with fuel use and processing ... 

Section 8 covers several topics including mandatory reporting on chemical production, use, and processing, the TSCA inventory itself, and how to handle allegations of adverse health and environmental effects of chemicals. 

Felthouse, T.R. Growing maleic anhydride through its uses and processes. The Chemist 1998, 75 (5), 22-31. 

Make up a standard curve over the instrument s linear range in the matrix that will be used and process the standard curve through the SPE sorbent with the method that has been developed. 

Reports on use of N2O for hydrojgrlation of benzene to phenol appeared as early as 1983 [31 - M. Iwamoto used V2O5/SIO2 as a catalyst and at 550°C achieved 10% conversion and 70% selectivity of benzene hydrorqrlatlon. The other reports that followed concentrated on useige of ffiM-5 type catalyst for this transformation 14-7] see also a comprehensive review on the subject [8]. A brief summary of catalysts used and process parameters is given in Table 1. Fast catalyst deactivation was reported for most cases and the values of productivity usually refer to initial stages of the reaction. 

Process streams from pilot plant experiments are usually retained to evaluate the compatibility of various types of materials of construction. Mass balance information is often sufficient to determine these requirements based on pH, halide content, solvents used, and process temperature. Corrosion testing of pilot plant process streams through the use of electrochemical techniques is often recommended. These results are compiled and documented along with the specifications for the materials of construction. 

After the successful synthesis of a poly(ester-imide) and its use as wire enamel [1], a development of this class of polymers started which is not yet finished today. The progress in chemistry has been reviewed in several papers [2, 3] where general principles were described. The economical importance of poly ester-imide)s made companies uncommunicative and publication work was directed to patent applications. A large number of patents are known on poly(es-ter-imide)s. They cover various areas ranging from raw materials, resin compositions, synthesis and varnish formulations, to uses and processing. 

The characteristics of the particles produced using SCF technology are influenced by the properties of the solute (drug, polymer, and other excipients), type of SCF used, and process parameters (such as flow rate of solute and solvent phase, temperature and pressure of the SCF, pre-expansion temperature, nozzle geometry, and the use of coaxial nozzles)t " ]. The influence of drug and polymer properties is discussed below. 

Use and process need to be addressed together because sometimes they are mutually exclusive and sometimes they overlap. The TSCA statute defines process as ... 

Part A of the PAIR Form solicits information regarding plant site activities, including total quantities manufactured or imported of a chemical substance, routine quantities lost through emissions or waste, whether processes are enclosed, controlled, or open, and details regarding use of the chemical substance on site and possible worker exposure. Part B of the PAIR Form seeks information regarding the use and processing of the chemical substance by downstream customers, including consumer and industrial markets, quantities produced for export, market names, and nature of processes... 

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