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Reproducibility

As with purity, the requirement for reproducibility may seem obvious but on looking in more depth, one will find many instances where it is, or has been, an issue. In principle, if a production process is run in the same way every time, the outcome should always be the same. Variations arise in two ways. [Pg.276]

Firstly, variations in feedstock will give rise to variations in product. This is a particular issue when the feedstock is a natural product, such as turpentine. Variations in the weather, pests and in genetics of any plant source are some of the factors which can produce fluctuations in composition of oils produced from them. A good Purchasing Department will identify multiple suppliers of feedstocks whenever possible since reliance on a single supplier of either natural or synthetic raw materials, makes a company very vulnerable. One recent example was of a Japanese factory which was virtually the sole world supplier of a certain feedstock and whose factory was put out of commission by an earthquake. Companies which were dependant on this feedstock were subsequently unable to manufacture their products until repairs to the damaged plant in Japan were complete. [Pg.277]

The other potential cause of variability of processes lies in their sensitivity to changes in conditions. It is obviously much better to run a process which can tolerate reasonable deviations in operating parameters since one which alters course when tiny changes take place will be susceptible to factors such as accuracy of weights/volumes, temperature or pressure control and reaction times. During development, it is therefore usual to determine the robustness of a process by running it many times to ensure that a consistent output is achieved. If a process is not robust, it would be very unwise to introduce it into a factory because of the risk of loss of material or much more seriously, the risk to the safety of the operators and others in the vicinity. [Pg.277]

In all of the above graphs of this section, the very same sample was analyzed and discussed while varying a number of different calculation parameters. However, no attention has been paid to the reproducibility of the experiments. Slight changes in temperature during the experiments, the presence of small traces of oxygen and baseline inaccuracies in SEC analyses can all have had an influence on the obtained results. All samples that were used for the kt determination were produced in threefold and were each analyzed by SEC twice. For each set of experimental circumstances, six number MWDs were thus available for analysis. [Pg.160]

Akin to bugs but much less detrimental are instabilities due to machine-dependent code. A classical case is the recursive integration of molecular dynamics equations, in which infinitesimal differences in the accuracy of the results may accumulate to the point that the simulation path actually depends on details of machine architecture like the number of bits in a word. This causes a loss of reproducibility because a calculation with the same input to the same code may produce different results. No harm is done in this particular case - a different zone of phase space is explored, that s all, but the matter is nevertheless disturbing. [Pg.261]

The code should be clear and linear, and comment hnes should be introduced as frequently as possible to identify the particular task being carried out in each section of the code. [Pg.261]

Heavily machine-, system- or compiler-dependent instructions should be avoided. [Pg.261]

Variables should be given names that recall the physical quantity they represent classical cases of traditional names are, for example, FOBS and FCALC for observed and calculated structure factors even better, a hst of variables with their meaning in the program should be given. [Pg.261]

The source code should be deposited or anyway made available, possibly along with executable modules for the most common machines and operating systems. [Pg.261]

During an NMR experiment, there is no contamination of sample and probe head. The electronic stability of NMR spectrometers is very good. The spectra of a stable sample stored in a sealed tube are reproducible over many years with a variation of less than 1%. These facts allow minima expenditure on validation measurements when using NMR methods. [Pg.3]


Figure 1.2 Process design starts with the reactor. The reactor design dictates the separation and recycle problem. (From Smith and Linnhoff, Trans. IChemE, ChERD, 66 195, 1988 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)... Figure 1.2 Process design starts with the reactor. The reactor design dictates the separation and recycle problem. (From Smith and Linnhoff, Trans. IChemE, ChERD, 66 195, 1988 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers.)...
Figure 3.8 Separation of a minimum boiling azeotrope by pressure change. (From Holland, Gallun, and Lockett, Chemical Engineering, March 23, 1981, 88 185-200 reproduced by permission.)... Figure 3.8 Separation of a minimum boiling azeotrope by pressure change. (From Holland, Gallun, and Lockett, Chemical Engineering, March 23, 1981, 88 185-200 reproduced by permission.)...
Figure S.19 The approach based on optimization of a reducible structure starts with the most general configuration and simplifies. (From Eliceche and Sargent, IChemE Symp. Series No. 61 1, 1981 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers... Figure S.19 The approach based on optimization of a reducible structure starts with the most general configuration and simplifies. (From Eliceche and Sargent, IChemE Symp. Series No. 61 1, 1981 reproduced by permission of the Institution of Chemical Engineers...
Figure 7.8 Designs with a temperature approach or small temperature cross can be accommodated in a single 1-2 shell, whereas designs with a large temperature cross become infeasible. (From Ahmad, Linnhoff, and Smith, Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, 110 304, 1988 reproduced by permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.)... Figure 7.8 Designs with a temperature approach or small temperature cross can be accommodated in a single 1-2 shell, whereas designs with a large temperature cross become infeasible. (From Ahmad, Linnhoff, and Smith, Trans. ASME, J. Heat Transfer, 110 304, 1988 reproduced by permission of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.)...
Figure 10.5 The direct chlorination step of the vinyl chloride process using a liquid phase reactor. (From McNaughton, Chem. Engg., December 12, 1983, pp. 54-58 reproduced by permission.)... Figure 10.5 The direct chlorination step of the vinyl chloride process using a liquid phase reactor. (From McNaughton, Chem. Engg., December 12, 1983, pp. 54-58 reproduced by permission.)...
Figure 11.1 An inertial collector. (Reproduced with permission from Stenhouse, "Pollution Control, in Teja, Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1981.)... Figure 11.1 An inertial collector. (Reproduced with permission from Stenhouse, "Pollution Control, in Teja, Chemical Engineering and the Environment, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 1981.)...

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Accuracy and reproducibility

Accuracy evaluation reproducibility

Administration route reproducibility

Aerosol dosing reproducibility

Analog reproducibility

Analysis reproducibility

Analytical Instrumentation for Sensitive Detection and Spectral Reproducibility

Applicability of Force Fields to Reproduce Ab Initio Noncovalent Interactions Involving Aromatic Groups

Assay reproducibility

Between-laboratory reproducibility

Biological Units Reproduce

Biopolymers reproducibility

Bonding technology reproducibility

Capillary columns retention time reproducibility

Capillary electrophoresis reproducibility

Catalysis reproducibility

Catalytic performance, importance reproducibility

Cetane number reproducibility

Chromatographic Parameters and Batch (Column) Reproducibility

Cold fusion reproducibility

Color reproducibility

Column reproducibilities

Comparison of reproduceability

Conducting polymers movement, reproducibility

Conductivity reproducibility

Degree reproducibility

Derivatives reproducibility

Desorption reproducibility

Diffusible hydrogen reproducibility

Dosimeter reproducibility

Drug delivery systems reproducibility

Electrolysis A Controlled and Reproducible Way to Create Surface Nanobubbles

Environmental analysis, reproducibility

Errors reproducibility

Evaluation of Calculated Reproducibilities and Reaction Errors

Events reproducibility

Experimental reproducibility

Experimental variance-reproducibility

Experiments reproducibility

Flavor reproducibility

Flow-injection analysis reproducibility

Flux homogeneity, stability, and reproducibility

Function reproducibility

Headspace reproducibility

Imaging reproducibility

Incurred sample reproducibility

Information reproducibility

Injection reproducibility

Injection, reproducible

Integration reproducibility

Investigation reproducibility

Ion-selective electrode reproducibility

Kinetic constants reproduced equations

Langtons Self-Reproducing Loop

Langton’s self-reproducing loop

Lead sampling procedures reproducibility

Long-term reproducibility

Magnetic Resonance Reproducibility-Based

Mass spectrometry reproducibility evaluation

Measurement reproducibility

Membrane reproducibility

Method Reproducibility and Spectral Library Assembly for Rapid Bacterial Characterization by Metastable Atom Bombardment Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry

Method performance terms reproducibility

Method precision reproducibility

Microelectrodes, for in vivo pH measurement reproducibility/accuracy

Mixing reproducibility

Mixtures reproduce

Monolayer assemblies, reproducibility

Monolayer parameters, reproducibility

Monolithic columns reproducibility

Nafion reproducible processing

Near infrared spectroscopy reproducibility

Nebulizer Reproducibility

Net atomic charges reproducing the electrostatic potential

Not to Be Reproduced

Observational studies reproducibility

Optimization of Flow Reproducibility

Paper reproducibility

Peak height reproducibility

Peak reproducibility

Peak shape reproducibility

Peptides reproducibility

Photometric reproducibility

Poly data reproducibility

Polymerization reproducibility

Precision and reproducibility

Precision repeatability/reproducibility

Precision reproducibility

Prediction techniques structural reproducibility

Preparative reproducibility

Principal component analysis Reproducibility

Process reproducibility

Processes, reproducible

Product reproducibility

Proteomic analysis and reproducibility

Pumps reproducibility

Pyrolysis reproducibility parameters

Quality control reproducibility

Quantitative immunohistochemistry reproducibility

Random number generation reproducibility

Reference Electrodes reproducibility

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Measurements

Repeatability and reproducibility

Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Cooperative Tests

Reproduce

Reproducibility Problems

Reproducibility Reverse-phase liquid chromatography

Reproducibility Variability

Reproducibility analytical methods

Reproducibility and Repeatibility

Reproducibility and Reversibility

Reproducibility and Stability

Reproducibility and Validation of Results

Reproducibility and robustness

Reproducibility automated methods

Reproducibility bioanalytical

Reproducibility biosensor

Reproducibility carbon dioxide sensors

Reproducibility chemometrics

Reproducibility chromatography

Reproducibility condition of measurement

Reproducibility conditions

Reproducibility defined

Reproducibility definition

Reproducibility direct quantitative evaluation

Reproducibility dissolution

Reproducibility electrical parameters

Reproducibility first-generation

Reproducibility hardness

Reproducibility improvement

Reproducibility improvement INDEX

Reproducibility improvement analysis

Reproducibility improvement immunohistochemistry

Reproducibility improvement techniques

Reproducibility interlaboratory

Reproducibility intermediate

Reproducibility interval

Reproducibility intralaboratory

Reproducibility limit

Reproducibility liquid chromatography

Reproducibility mercury speciation

Reproducibility nerve agents

Reproducibility of Conformational Energies

Reproducibility of Monolithic Stationary Phases

Reproducibility of PyMS

Reproducibility of an analytical

Reproducibility of an analytical method

Reproducibility of data

Reproducibility of kinetic results

Reproducibility of measurements

Reproducibility of results

Reproducibility of the Selectivity

Reproducibility of the Tested Protocols

Reproducibility parallelization

Reproducibility parameter selection

Reproducibility peak intensity

Reproducibility pepsin digestion

Reproducibility potency

Reproducibility potential

Reproducibility potential assays

Reproducibility potential development stage

Reproducibility processes, Good

Reproducibility processes, Good Manufacturing Practice

Reproducibility protein profiling

Reproducibility qualification

Reproducibility quantitative

Reproducibility random number generators

Reproducibility related substance

Reproducibility screen-printed electrodes

Reproducibility second-generation

Reproducibility standard deviation

Reproducibility statistical tools

Reproducibility table

Reproducibility trace analysis

Reproducibility using computer

Reproducibility using computer control

Reproducibility variance

Reproducibility voltammetry

Reproducibility volume measurement

Reproducibility weathering tests

Reproducibility weighing

Reproducibility whole cell MALDI

Reproducibility within laboratory

Reproducibility, Stability, and Linear Range

Reproducibility, automated analysis

Reproducibility, data capture

Reproducibility, in measurement

Reproducibility, instrument reading

Reproducibility, precision and accuracy

Reproducibility, protocol testing

Reproducibility, rate data

Reproducibility, synthesis

Reproducibility/repeatability

Reproducibility/repeatability spectral

Reproducible

Reproducible

Reproducible Injection Techniques

Reproducible coronoid

Reproducible mixing

Reproducible spectra

Reproducible timing

Reproducing

Reproducing Bioactive Conformations Using Different Duplicate Removal Values

Reproducing Previously Published Materials

Reproducing kernel Hilbert space

Retention time reproducibility

Sample preparation for rapid, reproducible

Sample preparation for rapid, reproducible cell culture

Sample reproducibility

Sampling reproducibility

Scale-up and Reproducibility

Science reproducibility

Screen-printed electrodes (SPEs reproducibility

Selectivity reproducibility

Self-Reproducing Interstellar Probe

Self-reproducing automata

Self-reproducing machines

Self-reproducing micelles and vesicles

Self-reproducing reverse micelles

Self-reproducing systems

Sensitivity and Reproducibility

Sensors reproducibility

Separation reproducibility

Shotgun proteomics, FFPE tissue reproducibility

Slow mode reproducibility

Slurry packing reproducibility

Sodium dodecyl sulfate reproducibility

Solid-phase synthesis reproducibility

Solubility reproducibility

Solvent delivery systems flow reproducibility

Sonochemistry reproducibility

Spectral pattern reproducibility

Spectrometry Reproducibility-Based

Spin echo reproducibility

Stationary phases reproducibility

Superconducting reproduced

Synthetic reproducibility

Systems reproducibility

Temperature reproducibility

Temperature, gradient reproducibility

Test A reproducibility

Tested protocols reproducibility

Thermal history, reproducible

Thermocouples reproducibility

Thin-layer chromatography reproducibility

Towards Real Applications High Solids Content and Reproducible Latexes

UPLC reproducibility

Validation Reproducibility

Values reproducible

Viscometers, different, reproducibility

Volatile reproducibility

Voltage gradient, reproducibility

Volume reproducibility

Von Neumanns Self-Reproducing Cellular Automaton

Wavelength reproducibility

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