Membrane reproducibility

IP3 Receptors. Figure 2 Key structural features of IP3 receptors. The key domains are shown in the central block. The upper structures show the suppressor domain (PDB accession code, 1XZZ) and the IBC (1N4K) with its (red) and p (blue) domains. A proposed structure for the pore region is shown below, with the selectivity filter shown in red only two of the four subunits are shown. The lowest panel shows reconstructed 3D structures of IP3R1 viewed (left to right) from ER lumen, the cytosol and in cross-section across the ER membrane (reproduced with permission from [4]). 

Figure19.1 A schematic diagram of a plasma membrane. Integral proteins are embedded in a bilayer composed of phospholipids (shown, for clarity, in much greater proportion than they have in biological membranes) and cholesterol. The carbohydrate components of glycoproteins and glycolipids occur only on the external face of the membrane. (Reproduced from D. Voet and J. G. Voet, Biochemistry, 3rd edn, 2004. 2004, Donald and Judith G Voet. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)...

Figure 9. A tracheid in the S3 stage. Fibrillar materials (arrows) are generated from the plasma membrane. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 22. 1986, Japan Wood Research Society.)...

Fig. 24. Left. a-Helix axial projection of the artificial channel 69. The position of the crown-ether residues is noted by circles. Right, proposed active form of 69 in a bilayer membrane. (Reproduced with the permission of Ref. 1)...

Figure 3. Relation between product water and membrane water uptake potential for the startup from — 30° C. The dashed line indicates the amount of water stored in the catalyst layer and the extra portion above it denotes the amount of water diffused into the membrane, (reproduced with permission from Tajiri et al.18)...

Figure 5. Saturability of specific 3H-dopamine binding to gastric and duodenal membranes. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 57. Copyright 1982, Pergamon...

Fig. 4. PFC separation by membrane (reproduced with permission from abstracts of 14th semi-conductor technology seminar [45]).

Fig. 10. Effect of UV exposure time on the thickness of a glucose oxidase-immobilized membrane. (Reproduced from Hanazato et al. (10), with permission.)...

Nevertheless, the development of zeolite-membrane reactors still requires improvements in the fluxes and separation factors attained to date, an objective to which many efforts have been devoted in recent years with the aim of materializing an industrial application of zeolite-membrane reactors. Several reviews have been published in the last 5 years dealing completely or partially with zeolite membranes [2,3,5,161,162,165-167]. Particularly, noteworthy have been the advances regarding the use of supports of different natures and characteristics (see Section 10.6.4), the control of the orientation and thickness of zeolite layers (see Section 10.2.1.2), and the preparation of new zeolite materials such as membranes (see Section 10.3). In spite of these advances, before zeolite-membrane reactors are used in industry (see Section 10.6.5), signihcant progress must be achieved in more prosaic issues such as scale-up and control of the synthesis process to increase membrane reproducibility. 

FIGURE 27.11 (See color insert following page S88.) H2 permeability as a function of temperature and RH. Upper limit (solid line) defined by crossover losses (assuming no contribution from O2 crossover), lower Umit (dotted Une) defined by electrode ionomer film-transport requirements, and data are for wet and dry Nafion 1100 EW-based membranes. (Reproduced from Gasteiger, H.A. and Mathias, M. F., in Proceedings of the Symposium on Proton Conducting Membrane Fuel Cells III, 2003. The Electrochemical Society of America. With permission from The Electrochemical Society, Inc.)... 

FIGURE 27.56 Diagram of the preparation process for radiation-grafted membranes. (Reproduced from Geiger, A.B., Rager, T., Matejek, L., Scherer, G.G., and Wokaun, A., in Proceedings of the 1st European PEFC Forum, Btichi, F.N., Scherer, G.G., and Wokaun A. (Eds.) 2001. With permission.)... 

Fig. 4.17. (A) Parts of a conventional pervaporation module (a) acceptor chamber (b) membrane support (c) spacer (d) donor-sample chamber (e) aluminium supports (f) and (g) rods for screwing and aligning the module, respectively (h) connectors (i) screws. (Reproduced with permission of Wiley Sons.) (B) Most significant parts of a hexagonal pervaporation module (j) membrane. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.)...

Fig. 7.18. Low-pressure interfaces to detectors based on flow injection. (A) Interface to a photometric detector across a membrane. (Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society.) (B) Interface to a flow-through photometric sensor with prior derivatization by the modified Griess reaction. (Reproduced with permission of the American Chemical Society.) (C) Interface to a piezoelectric detector. P peristaltic pump, C collector, CUC clean-up column, DB debubbler, SA sulfamic acid, NEDD /V-( 1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, SV switching valve, W waste, DF displacement flask, IV injection valve, FC-PZ flow-cell-piezoelectric crystal, OC oscillator circuitry, F frequency counter, PC personal computer. (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier.)...

Fig. 2-17, An element collector I- titanium rod electrode 2- solution of nitric acid 3-polyethylene vessel 4- semi-permeable membrane (reproduced with permission from Putikov, 1993).

Fig. 2-18. Scheme of concentration distribution of ions in and out of an element collector C, concentration of metal in element collector Q, concentration of metal outside element collector 1- solution of acid in element collector 2- elementary pillar of solution in element collector with unit bottom surface S= I and height h 3- semi-permeable membrane (reproduced with permission from Putikov, 1993). 

Figure 4.32 The formation process of LTA membranes. Reproduced with permission from [130]. Copyright (2001) Elsevier...

Fig. 11.4. Top figure shows the effect of pressure on the reaction side of the membrane cm methane conversion in the Pd membrane reactor bottom figure shows the effect of temperature. The solid line and the sjmtibols (o) are for the Pd membrane reactor. The dotted line is the calculated equilibrium conversion and the symbols ( ) are for a membrane reactor using a porous Vycor glass membrane. Reproduced from Uemiya et al. [29] with permission.

Fig. 11.14. Process flow sheet of cyclohexane/benzene heat pump using hydrogen permeable membranes Rdit and R/rdehydrogenation and hydrogenation reactors C, compressors T, turbine HE, heat exchangers CHE, counter-current heat exchangers P, liquid pump M, hydrogen membranes. Reproduced from Cacciola et al. [133] with permission.

Figure 1. Top edge of cross section of a polyamide-hydrazide asymmetric gel membrane. Reproduced from Ref. 18. Copyright 1973 American Chemical Society.

In conclusion, some of the high salt rejection properties found with interfacial polypiperazineamide membranes in the laboratory could not be attained by a machine-made membrane. However, the machine-formed membrane may still find applications where high rejection of monovalent salts is not required but where high flux and rejection of larger solutes are useful. A limited effort to replace piperazine in the reaction with piperazine-terminated oligomers did not appear to resolve the membrane reproducability problem. Recent studies made on the use of piperazine terminated oligomers in composite membrane preparation were reported by R. Sudak et al at Membrane Systems, Inc. (46) and by J.F. Wolfe et al at Stanford Research Institute (47). 

Fig. 6 -potential versus pH curves of modified PA-membranes (reproduced from [82] with permission from Wiley-VCH)... 

Fig. 18. Mechanism of carrier-mediated ion transport through a lipid bilayer membrane [Reproduced from Stark, G., et.al Biophys. j. 11, 981 (1971) and Benz, R., Stark, G. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 382 (1), 27 (1975).]...

Figure I Saturation isotherms of [3H]propionyl NPY binding to rat brain membranes. (Reproduced from Mol. Pharmacol. 1995 48,425 432.) (A) Binding of [3H]NPY to brain membranes incubated with increasing concentrations of the radiolabeled peptide. , Total binding , non-specific binding A, specific binding (the difference between total and non-specific binding). For further details, see Daniels et al. (1995a). (B) Scatchard analysis of the saturation experiments. The results represent a typical saturation experiment repeated (n >10) with different membrane preparations = 0.36 0.1 nM, = 306 53 fmol mg-1 protein (mean SE n = 15). The Hill slope for the NPY displacement curve is consistent with a single binding site (nH = 0.99 0.01).

Figure 12.5 Relative recovery of different proteins expressed as a percentage of the original concentration after passing through (a) the n-type porous 6H SiC membrane and (b) the p-type porous 6H-SiC membrane. Reproduced from A.J. Rosenbloom et al., Mat. Sci. Forum. 457 -60, pp. 1463-6. Copyright (2004), with permission from Trans Tech Publications...

Fig. 3. Distribution of non-occluded ( ) and occluded ill ID ChAc in fractions separated by discontinuous density gradient centrifuging. The blocks correspond to the fractions 0-1 described by Whittaker et at. (1964). A, Suspension of hypo-osmotically treated synaptosomes and B, After binding of soluble ChAc to synaptosome membranes. (Reproduced from Biochem. J. (1968), F.

Figure S.Chromatogram demonstrating the selectivity of PME of a non-spiked egg sample (a) injected directly into the chromatograph without passing through the membrane (b) cfter passing through the membrane. (Reproduced with permission from rrference 29. Copyright 2002 Elsevier.)...

Figure 7. Voltage-gating channel model of alamethicin proposed by Fox and Richards (77). On the left is the structure for the helical bundle partially inserted in the absence of an applied voltage. The C-terminal residues are shown as helical ribbons that indicate extended random coil structures, or as cork-shaped a-helical structures partially buried on the surface of the membrane. The middle structure is an intermediate produced by application of voltage, and the right panel represents the open state that traverses the membrane. (Reproduced with permission from reference 77. Copyright 1982 Macmillan...

Figure 14-19. Dependence of the hydrogen peroxide accumulation rate on glucose concentration as determined in a measuring cell containing a GOD electrode and an enzyme-free electrode. A membrane area of 0.13 mm was exposed to the measuring solution. The gelatin-immobilized enzyme (46 U/cm, ie, 6 U per electrode, or 46 mU/cm, ie, 6 mU per electrode) was sandwiched between two dialysis membranes. Reproduced from [281] with permission from Academic Press.

Figure 15-6. Mechanisms of sodium, potassium, and hydrogen ion movement and water reabsorption in the collecting tubule cells. Synthesis of Na+/K+ ATPase and sodium and potassium channels is under the control of aldosterone, which combines with an intracellular receptor, R, before entering the nucleus. ADH acts on its receptor, V, to facilitate the insertion of water channels from storage vesicles into the luminal membrane. (Reproduced, with permission, from Katzung BG [editor] Basic Clinical Pharmacology, 8th ed. McGraw-Hill, 2001.)...

Figure 18 Experimental results for long-time study of methane to syngas reaction in reactor configuration with catalyst loaded directly on to membrane (Reproduced with permission from AIChE J., 1997, 43, 2741. Copyright (1997) American Institute of Chemical Engineers)...

Figure 5.2 Cumulative flux of alkyl esters of p-aminobenzoic acid through a synthetic dimethylpolysiloxane membrane. [Reproduced from G. L. Flynn and S. H. Yalkowsky, J. Pharm. Set, 61, 838. Copyright 1972. This material is used by permission of Wiley-Liss Inc., a subsidiary of John Wiley Sons, Inc.]...

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