Systems reproducibility

Figure Bl.13.1. Energy levels and transition probabilities for anIS spin system. (Reproduced by pennission of Academic Press from Kowalewski J 1990 Annu. Rep. NMR Spectrosc. 22 308-414.)...

Figure 9.37 Cavity ring-down absorption spectrum of O2, showing part of the 1-0 band of the system. (Reproduced, with permission, from O Keefe, A. and Deacon, D. A. G., Rev. Sci. Instrumen., 59, 2544, 1988)...

Fig. 1. The energy cycle of a thermal electric generating station having two alternative cooling systems (—) the open-circuit or once-through system and (-------------------------------------) a representative closed-cycle, cooling-tower system. Reproduced by permission (3).

Fig. 11. Limestone FGD system. Reproduced by permission of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (67).

Figures 282-MHz F-NMR spectrum of 1,1-difluoroethene, an AA XX spin system (Reproduced with permission of Japan HalonA anan )...

Figure 1.3 Peak capacity of a 2D system (reproduced with permission from reference (30)).

Fig. 9. Melting diagram of LifCOi - NbC>2F system. Reproduced from [87], A. I. Agulyansky, V. A. Bessonova, V. Y. Kuznetsov, V. T. Kalinnikov, Zh. Neorg. Khim. 29 (1984) 1066, Copyright 1984, with permission of Nauka (Russian Academy of Sciences) publishing.

Fig. 95. Change in cell parameters (an and cf), density of ceramics normalized by theoretical value and Curie temperature versus x value for Li(Tai.xMgf03.3XFsx system. Reproduced from [407], Z-G. Ye, R. Von Der Mtihll, J. Ravez, P. Hagenmuller, J. Mater. Res., 3 (1988) 112, Copyright 1988, with permission ofMRS Journal of Material Research.

Figure 8.16 (Fluid -+- fluid) phase diagram for a near-ideal system. Reproduced with permission from W. B. Streett, Chapter 1 in Chemical Engineering ai Supercritical Fluid Conditions, M. E. Paulaitis, J. M. L. Penninger. R. D. Gray Jr., and P. Davidson, editors, Ann Arbor Science Press. Michigan, 1983.

FIGURE 6-5 Second-generation enzyme electrode sequence of events that occur in a mediated system. (Reproduced with permission from reference 12.)... 

Figure 2. Sample Introduction and sample transfer system. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 7. Copyright 1984, Academic Press.)...

In our first ONIOM study, we showed the advantages of combining two molecular orbital (MO) methods in calculations of the chromophore itself. Compared to a full CASSCF treatment of a scaled chromophore (PSBN in Figure 2-3), a two-layer ONIOM (CASSCF CIS) calculation where only parts of the conjugated system (PSBN8 in Figure 2-3) is included in the model system, reproduces the... 

Figure 21 Structure of methylaluminoxane (extreme left), and some metallocene catalyst systems. Reproduced from Kaminsky [128], with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.

Fig. 4.11. Proposed RNA life. The membrane was made by the production of oils. The monomers were made from basic available forms of elements, H20, C02, NH3 and HP042. The source of energy was, for example, an energised Fe/S particle trapped on the membrane. The system reproduces when the duplex polymer, say [ATJ ATJ]2, is released as two single strands only for each to be trapped in a new synthesising vesicle. The improbability of such a scheme emerging is very high, yet some such event happened. Note that it is not necessary to have a simple [ATJ]n unit and a variety of units of any ordering A and U is reproducible with fidelity on second copying.

Figure 4. Pressure Modulation Spectroscopy System (Reproduced from Goody, 1968).

Metal hydride hydrogen-fuel-cell-powered system. (Reproduced with permission from Heung, L.K., Using Metal Hydride to Store Hydrogen, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Information Service... 

Figure 3 Inside view of the Wallac Arthur multiwavelength imaging system. (Reproduced by permission from EG G Life Sciences, Evry, France.)...

Figure 1.27 Double-walled silica nanotubes with monodisperse diameters self-orga-nize into highly ordered centimetre-sized fibres, using a synthetic octa-peptide as a template. The growth mechanism is proposed to be the fundamental mechanism for growth processes in biological systems. (Reproduced from ref. 53, with permission.)...

Figure 5.5 Comparison of EDXRF and WDXRF detection systems. Fluorescent X-rays are emitted by the sample on the left. The upper line shows a wavelength dispersive XRF system the lower shows an energy dispersive system. (Reproduced from Pollard and Heron 1996 44, by permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry.)...

Fig. 8. Comparison of the measured and predicted exit concentrations obtained by Latinen for a styrene-polystyrene system. Reproduced with permission from Latinen (1962). Copyright 1982 American Chemical Society.

The CNDO total energy surface for the F2S2 system reproduces in a qualitative way the relative thermodynamical stabilities observed experimentally i.e. it favors F2S=S by 2 kcal/feole... 

Fig. 4.13 The Prolabo A-301 microwave digestion system. Reproduced with permission of Prolabo.

Figure 9 Effect of molar ratio of PCL and aromatic polyester on the biodegradability of CPE by R. dememar lipase, (a), (b), and (c) indicate PCL-PETG, PCL-PBT, and PCL-PEIP systems, respectively. Each reaction mixture for biodegradability assay contained CPE powder or its films ( 20 mg as polyester moiety) in a total volume of 1.0 ml. Reaction mixtures were incubated at 37 °C for l6 hours. Formation of the water-soluble TOC was in proportion to substrate amounts (up to 50 mg as PCL moiety) in this reaction system. (Reproduced from Reference l6. Copyright 1981 John Wiley. )...

Table 6.5 H2 and CO chemisorption properties and XPS results for PtSn-BM, PtSn-OM and PtSn-OM systems.(Reproduced from Reference [30].)...

Before a clinical trial starts, the use of technical aids such as IVRT, remote data entry and electronic diaries has to be considered. In Section 7.5.3.3, mention will be made of the use of electronic tracking system that provide status and monitoring reports. All these systems utilise computer systems that must be validated. Double and McKendry described computer validation as the process which documents that a computer system reproducibly performs the functions it was designed to do. The document Guidance for Industry - Computerised Systems used in Clinical Trials published by the FDA in 1999 gives clear recommendations of what is required (also see Section 7.5.4.1). 

Fig. 7.11 Wake configurations for drops in water (highly purified systems), reproduced from Winnikow and Chao (W8) with permission, (a) nonoscillating nitrobenzene drop = 0.280 cm, Re = 515 steady thread-like laminar wake (b) nonoscillating m-nitrotoluene drop 4 = 0.380 cm. Re = 688 steady thread accompanied by attached toroidal vortex wake (c) oscillating nitrobenzene drop 4 = 0.380 cm. Re = 686 central thread plus axisymmetric outer vortex sheet rolled inward to give inverted bottle shape of wake (d) oscillating nitrobenzene drop = 0.454 cm. Re = 775 vortex sheet in c has broken down to form vortex rings (e) oscillating nitrobenzene drop d = 0.490 cm. Re = 804 vortex rings in d now shed asymmetrically and the drop exhibits a rocking motion.

It is gratifying to note that the theoretical calculations on model systems reproduce the trends shown in Fig. 46 providing strong confirmation for the overall validity of the interpretations32 36. Low energy shake up satellite structures are often highly characteristic of the n electronic structure of the pendant group as is clear from a comparison of Fig. 43 and Fig. 47. In each case theoretical analysis indicates... 

Figure 3. IS —Three-dimensional representation of a separation obtained with a rapid data recording system (reproduced by permission of TSP Instruments).

Figure 15.7—Optical diagrams for a spectrophotometer with an echelle grating. Model PU 7000 optical system (reproduced by permission of Philips). All spectral lines are captured, which allows a more complete study of the sample. The dynamic range of these instruments is still lower than that of a PMT.

Figure 6 Energy vr. distortion diagram for cP systems (reproduced with permission from J. Chem. Educ., 1983,60, 797)...

Figure 7. Velocity dependence of total ionization cross sections of systems He(23S) and He(2 S)- Hg. Absolute scale is arbitrary but same for both systems (reproduced from Ulenberger and Niehaus.34)...

Fig. 2.13. Commercial metal glove box. An aluminum glove box with a recirculating gas-purification system. (Reproduced by permission of the copyright ow ner Vacuum Atmospheres Corp., North Hollywood, Calif.)...

Figure 3.19 Variations in driving force and subcooling with pressure calculated at constant temperature, T = 273.2 K, for a methane-water hydrate system. (Reproduced from Arjamandi, M., Tohidi, B., Danesh, A., Todd, A.C., Chem. Eng. Sci., 60, 1313 (2005b). With permission from Elsevier.)...

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