Information reproducibility

Figure 12.2 Two representations of a short polynucleotide (a) a detailed atom-by-atom structure of a tetranucleotide showing both the 5 and 3 ends (b) the same structure shown in a shorthand, schematic way. Both representations possess the same basic information. (Reproduced from D. Voet and J. G. Voet, Biochemistry, 3rd edn, 2004. 2004, Donald and Judith G. Voet. Reprinted with permission of John Wiley and Sons, Inc.)...

Chemical Engineering and Physical, Inorganic, and Analytical Chemistry. Each contains abstracts and bibliographic information reproduced exactly from specific CA Sections as well as a keyword index. 

FIGURE 8 Classification of helicates according to their intrinsic information (reproduced by permission from Piguet et al., 1997a, 1997 American Chemical Society). 

Eor full statistical breakdown of particle size distributions, see Supplementary Information. Reproduced from Ref. [166] with permission of the Nature Publishing Group. 

Additional sources of information reproduced as received from Member States)... 

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 

Quantum chemical methods, exemplified by CASSCF and other MCSCF methods, have now evolved to an extent where it is possible to routinely treat accurately the excited electronic states of molecules containing a number of atoms. Mixed nuclear dynamics, such as swarm of trajectory based surface hopping or Ehrenfest dynamics, or the Gaussian wavepacket based multiple spawning method, use an approximate representation of the nuclear wavepacket based on classical trajectories. They are thus able to use the infoiination from quantum chemistry calculations required for the propagation of the nuclei in the form of forces. These methods seem able to reproduce, at least qualitatively, the dynamics of non-adiabatic systems. Test calculations have now been run using duect dynamics, and these show that even a small number of trajectories is able to produce useful mechanistic infomiation about the photochemistry of a system. In some cases it is even possible to extract some quantitative information. 

The major significance of chemical nomenclature or notation systems is that they denote compounds in order to reproduce and transfer them from one coding to another, according to the intended application. As each coding may not include all the pieces of information in the other coding, or may have interpre table coding rules, the transformation is not always unambiguous and unique. 

The advantages of spectra for structure representation are their high information content and their easy, accurate, and reproducible measurement. On top of that, spectrometers provide this spectral information already in electronic form and therefore directly amenable to further processing. 

To ensure that eompiilational chemistry develops in an orderly way, researchers muSt provide certain information so that others can reproduce and analyze their results, fiiind et al. proposed... 

The information given in this table is from the two-volume work Volumetric Analysis by Kolthoff and Stenger, published by Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, 1942 and 1947, and reproduced with their permission. 

From a series of isotope ratio measurements, the precision of measurement can be assessed statistically, as shown here. Precision reveals the reproducibility of the measurement method, but it does not provide information on the accuracy of the measurement (see also Figures 48.8 and 48.9). 

Chromosomes are extremely complex chemicals that are assembled from simple repeating units and contain all the chemical information needed to reproduce animate species. Each living organism has its own complete set of chromosomes, called the genome. 

The information needed to reproduce and support an animate species is given by the order in which the nitrogen bases occur along the DNA or RNA chains (-C-T-T-A-G-, for example). A sequence of three such bases (a codon) provides the fundamental unit of information. 

A virus is a species containing DNA and RNA that can reproduce itself, but to do this, it needs to hijack the metabolism (cells) of a host organism, since it has no information itself with which to build cells. 

V. B. Voulk ia Toxicology of Metals, Vol. 2, Environmental Health Effects Research Series PB 268 324, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. reproduced by National Technical Information Service, May 1977, pp. 370—383. 

The detergent method for insoluble fiber superseded the cmde fiber method and became the method of choice for insoluble fiber analysis until the 1980s, when methods were developed to recover soluble fiber as well. Some analysts still prefer the NDF procedure for insoluble fiber. The method is simple, inexpensive, reproducible, and amenable to routine assays. The disadvantage is the inabiUty to recover the soluble fraction. See Reference 14 for more information on detergent methods. 

If the experimental values P and w are closely reproduced by the correlating equation for g, then these residues, evaluated at the experimental values of X, scatter about zero. This is the result obtained when the data are thermodynamically consistent. When they are not, these residuals do not scatter about zero, and the correlation for g does not properly reproduce the experimental values P and y . Such a correlation is, in fact, unnecessarily divergent. An alternative is to process just the P-X data this is possible because the P-x -y data set includes more information than necessary. Assuming that the correlating equation is appropriate to the data, one merely searches for values of the parameters Ot, b, and so on, that yield pressures by Eq. (4-295) that are as close as possible to the measured values. The usual procedure is to minimize the sum of squares of the residuals 6P. Known as Barkers method Austral. ]. Chem., 6, pp. 207-210 [1953]), it provides the best possible fit of the experimental pressures. When the experimental data do not satisfy the Gibbs/Duhem equation, it cannot precisely represent the experimental y values however, it provides a better fit than does the procedure that minimizes the sum of the squares of the 6g residuals. 

TEMA Numbering and Type Designation Recommended practice for the designation of TEMA-style shell-and-tube heat exchangers by numbers and letters has been established by the Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA). This information from the sixth edition of the TEMA Standards is reproduced in the following paragraphs. 

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