Tested protocols reproducibility

Frequently, results are highly dependent upon the test protocol. This is especially true for screening tests. For example, many screening tests do not employ an acclimation step prior to the test start and/or may not run long enough to allow for acclimation during the test. In addition, the reproducibility of individual tests often is poor, especially between laboratories, and in some cases even within the same laboratory. 

Many tests were conducted before reproducible results could be obtained, but by 1976, we were fairly confident that useful test protocols had been established. These have been improved, especially in relation to measurement of biological effects, and I would like to summarize our progress. 

As suggested by equation (4), the parameters Wg and PWp can be evaluated by linearly extrapolating the experimental data of Wf versus L and considering the intercept of the regression line at L=0 (i.e. Wg) and its slope (i.e. PWp). A test protocol for EWF testing and data reduction has been assessed by ESIS TC4 group in order to ensure a certain reproducibility of results [5],... 

The relationship of the Georgia-Pacific chambers to the other four chambers in this study indicates good agreement with a coefficient of correlation of 0.94. The major conclusion from this study is that chamber tests are reproducible provided the tests are conducted under a strict test protocol. 

Figure 2.12 Correlation of ATow with at 25°C (Table 2.18) illustrating the deviation due to using solubility of the solid. [Reproduced with permission of the authors from C. T. Chiou and D. W. Schmedding, Measurement and Interrelation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient and Water Solubility of Organic Chemicals , in Test Protocols for Environmental Fate Movement of Toxicants, Proceedings of a Symposium, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 94th Annual Meeting, Arlington, VA, pp. 28-42, 1981.]...

The mouse bioassay (MBA) was developed 70 years ago by Sommer and Meyer as part of their pioneering work that related the dinoflagellate Alexandrium catenella (Gonyaulax) as a causative agent of PSP (see Wekell et al ). At the time, the identity of the paralyzing toxic compounds was not known and the MBA remained for several years as a field test to help health officials manage toxic outbreaks in Alaska and British Columbia.Only after a purified saxitoxin dihydrochloride was made available in 1950 was it possible to calibrate the assay, and the AOAC accepted the new version of the MBA as an official method. Reasons for the sustained application of the MBA lie in its simplicity of application, relatively low cost, and availability of test protocols to calibrate mice strains to compare operator performance and to perform repeatability and reproducibility studies (National Shellfish Sanitation Program, USA ). 

The trueness and precision for the prediction of COMP by the tested protocol can be expressed by the 90-% prediction range. In this w the average ratio between the tested protocol and COMP is taken into account, along with the variability or reproducibility of the protocol. The reproducibility is expressed as the relative range. 

The objective of this testing protocol was to develop a methodology for assessing the toxicity of C R materials that produces reliable, reproducible results [222-224]. The methodology is based on performing both biological and chemical assessment, followed by performing computer simulations to put... 

Table 23.1. Electrocatalyst cycle and metrics [44]. (Reproduced from United States Department of Energy. DOE cell component accelerated stress test protocols for PEM fuel cells electrocatalysts, supports, membranes, and membrane electrode assemblies. 2007. With permission from DOE.)...

In all antiseptic testing, it is recognized that skin and mucous membranes to which products ate appHed cannot be disinfected or sterilized but it is possible to significantly reduce the population of transient and resident pathogenic bacterial flora. AH in vivo test methods requite a deterrnination of the bacteria on the skin before and after treatment. Because of the normal variation in bacterial population of the skin of different people, a number of people must be tested in order to make a statistical analysis of the results. Different parts of the body are used for different tests. In aH of the tests the details of the protocol ate extremely important and must be strictly adhered to in order to obtain reproducible results. 

Dunkel VC, Zieger E, Brusick D, et al. 1984. Reproducibility of microbial mutagenicity assays 1. Tests with Salmonella typhimurim and Escherichia coli using a standardized protocol. Environ Mutagen 6 (Suppl. 2) 1-254. 

Figure 5.1 Diagrammatic explanation of standardization of IHC via AR and test battery to achieve a maximal retrieval level by an optimal protocol of AR. The intensity of IHC (axis y) is inversely correlated with the time of formalin fixation (axis x) as indicated by a reduced slope. Three arrows indicate a potential maximal retrieval level that may equalize the intensity of IHC to a comparable result for routinely processed, paraffin-embedded tissues with various time of fixation. Reproduced with permission from Shi et alHistotechnol. 1999 22 177-192.

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