Events reproducibility

Figure 7.4 Modelling of the Moon-capture event. (Reproduced by permission of Southwest Research Institute)...

Figure 2 TemporaJ evolution of four characteristic oxygen-hydrogen distances involved in the proton relay. Note the simultaneous contraction of the O-H distamces around 200, 340 and 440 s prior to a proton transfer event. (Reproduced with permission from ref. [57], Copyright 1998 Am.Chem.Soc.)...

Figure 7 ITC binding isothams (circles) of AAC(6 )-Ii at (a) 6, (b) 12, (c) 24, (d) 48, (e) 96, and (f) 192 pm titrated with AcCoA at 20 °C. Dashed black and sohd gray lines correspond to global fits nsing the independent and cooperative models, respectively. Valnes of c range from 0.4 to 11 and 2 to 64 for the first and second binding events. (Reproduced from Ref. 68. WUey-VCH, 2009.)...

Figure 19 Distribution of vesicle content for potassium-stimulated release at varicosities plotted as the cubed root of catecholamine released. Plots of the percent of total events observed in the first 40 s following initiation of release vs. the cubed root of the amount of catecholamine released upon elevated potassium stimulation for (A) 17 undifferentiated PC12 cells (475 total release events) and (B) 16 differentiated PC 12 cells (156 total release events). (Reproduced from Brain Res. with permission [3].)...

Figure 7 Neutralization-reionization mass spectra of (A) HOS" and (B) HSO". Modified ZAB four-sector mass spectrometer of BEBE configuration (B = magnet sector E = electric sector). Oxygen used as collision gas used in each collision cell (see Figure 5). The pressure of the gas in each cell was adjusted so the reduction in the main beam is 20% for each collision event. Reproduced with permission of ACS from Goldberg N and Schwarz H (1994) Accounts of Chemical Research 27 347-352.

A benchmark study examined the difficulty in reproducing QRA resLilts. Several expert teams were given identical systems to analyze using common techniques and a common database. The analysts were initially given total latitude concerning necessary assumptions, events to consider, data, and so forth. Figure 15 illustrates the results of the... 

FIGURE 6-5 Second-generation enzyme electrode sequence of events that occur in a mediated system. (Reproduced with permission from reference 12.)... 

Humans should use computers to do functional work for them in the most efficient manner possible. However, we must not delude ourselves into thinking that the mere use of a computer to analyze adverse events will magically analyze these events in a systematic, efficient way. Computers do not automatically produce coherent, auditable results that can be subsequently reproduced with ease. Computers must be actively programmed through an iterative process involving tight communication between analysts and software developers until these processes are totally functional. 

It is therefore easy to see why this current drug safety paradigm, with its lack of standards in data collection and analysis, hinders the analysis of adverse events. Without data standards in place, it is difficult to build practical, reusable tools for systematic safety analysis. With no standard tools, truly standardized analyses cannot occur. Reviewers may forget their initial analytical processes if they are not using standardized data and tools. Comprehensive reproducibility and auditability, therefore, become nearly impossible. In practice, the same data sets and analytical processes cannot be easily reused, even by the same reviewers who produced the original data sets and analyses. Not using standardized tools slows the real-time systematic analysis... 

Reproducible capabilities. The data and analyses must be electronically accessible in real-time, easily reanalyzable, and easily reproduced, even years after the adverse event data were collected. 

Traditional analytical methods make extensive use of computers, but typically these methods still require constant restructuring of the data and multiple analytical tools. This endless restructuring wastes time and productivity and also makes the analytical processes difficult to document, audit, and reproduce in real time. This situation also makes it difficult to reconstruct and update analyses in real time when new adverse event data become available or when new questions need to be asked. The application of comprehensive data standards allows the use of integrated, reusable software for analyzing adverse event data. This integration facilitates the reproducibility of the results. 

Figure 51-1. The pathways of blood coagulation. The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways are indicated. The events depicted below factor Xa are designated the final common pathway, culminating in the formation of cross-linked fibrin. New observations (dotted arrow) include the finding that complexes of tissue factor and factor Vila activate not only factor X (in the classic extrinsic pathway) but also factor IX in the intrinsic pathway, in addition, thrombin and factor Xa feedback-activate at the two sites indicated (dashed arrows). (PK, prekallikrein HK, HMW kininogen PL, phospholipids.) (Reproduced, with permission, from Roberts HR, Lozier JN New perspectives on the coagulation cascade. Hosp Pract [Off Ed] 1992Jan 27 97.)...

Fig. 2.6 The moqjhological events of sporulation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (a) starved cell V, vacuole LG, lipid granule ER, endoplasmic reticulum CW, cell wall M, mitochondrion S, spindle pole SM, spindle microtubules N, nucleus NO, nucleolus, (b) Synaptonemal complex (SX) and development of polycomplex body (PB) along with division of spindle pole body in (c). (d) First meiotic division which is completed in (e). (f) Prepararation for meiosis II. (g) Enlargement of prospore wall, culminating in enclosure of separate haploid nuclei (h). (i) Spore coat (SC) materials produced and deposited, giving rise to the distinct outer spore coat (OSC) seen in the completed spores of the mature ascus (j). Reproduced from the review by Dickinson (1988) with permission from Blackwell Science Ltd.

Figure 6. The sequence of events in a laser desorption FTMS experiment, (a) The laser beam enters the cell and strikes the crystal, (b) Some of the desorbed molecules are ionized by an electron beam, (c) Ions are trapped in the analyzer cell by the magnetic and electric fields, (d) Ions are accelerated by an RF pulse and the resulting coherent image current signal is detected. Reproduced with permission from Ref. 18. Copyright 1935, North-Holland Physics Publishing.

Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy has been used surprisingly little considering the nuadter of commercial spectrometers that are currently in laboratories and the applicability of this technique to the difficult tine regime from a few is to a few hundred is. One problem with time-resolved Fourier transform spectroscopy and possibly one reason that it has not been more widely used is the stringent reproducibility requirement of the repetitive event in order to avoid artifacts in the spectra( ). When changes occur in the eiaissirr source over the course of a... 

The overall interpretation of the LLM biplot of Fig. 32.11 is the same as obtained with the CFA biplot of Fig. 32.10. The first (horizontal) latent variable seems to be associated primarily with the women/men contrast, while the second (vertical) latent variable is mostly associated with the chemistry/all fields contrast. Thermometer plots, which represent the scores of the various time intervals as a function of time, are similar to those in Fig. 32.9. They are not reproduced here as they point to the same remarkable events, i.e. the sustained rise of the proportion of women since 1966 and the recovery of the share of chemistry in 1973. 

Monte Carlo simulations have been also used to reproduce the dynamics of adsorbates associated with NO reduction reactions. As mentioned above, complex desorption dynamics have been observed experimentally in some instances. For example, the N2 produced from decomposition of N20 on Rh(110) leaves the surface in five peaks associated with both the N20 dissociation events and the desorption of the adsorbed products. Monte Carlo simulations of those spectra was possible by using a model that takes into account both channels of N2 desorption and also N20 O lateral interactions to stabilize N20 adsorption [18],... 

Normally, time-resolved FT-IR spectroscopy (TRS FT-IR) possesses the same data characteristics. In a typical TRS FT-IR experiment, interferograms are assembled for a specific delay time after the photolysis pulse, and the data produced are normally finer-grained in frequency than in time. This type of experiment is complementary to experiments with fine-grained time information. It is particularly useful where a wide spectral range is necessary and works reasonably well for highly reproducible events which occur on relatively long timescales (fractions of seconds) (83). It is also an appealing system for use on shorter timescales, and it has... 

Fig. 4.11. Proposed RNA life. The membrane was made by the production of oils. The monomers were made from basic available forms of elements, H20, C02, NH3 and HP042. The source of energy was, for example, an energised Fe/S particle trapped on the membrane. The system reproduces when the duplex polymer, say [ATJ ATJ]2, is released as two single strands only for each to be trapped in a new synthesising vesicle. The improbability of such a scheme emerging is very high, yet some such event happened. Note that it is not necessary to have a simple [ATJ]n unit and a variety of units of any ordering A and U is reproducible with fidelity on second copying.

FIGURE 8.9 Mitochondrial 02 and H2S consumption from non-limiting 02 to anoxic conditions, (a) Isolated mitochondria were exposed to repeated bouts of 12.5 pM H2S until anoxia was achieved, (b) At higher 02 levels, both 02 and H2S consumption events are coincident, but as the 02 levels decline the events become uncoupled and 02 consumption is limited first. The multiphasic kinetics of 02 consumption may result from transient inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase by H2S. Under anoxia, H2S consumption continues at a low level (after [36] reproduced with permission of the Company of Biologists). 

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