Product reproducibility

Analytical repeatability, ( ) made up of analytical artifacts and/or production reproducibility / degrees of freedom the arrows indicate in which direction the calculation proceeds. 

Box 1.1 Land-use intensification from chemicais production. Reproduced from Winterton [5], copyright 2003, with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media. 

Fig. 12.6. Conformational factors affecting syn and anti diastereoselectivity in Sharpless epoxidation. If substituent R4 > H, A1,3 strain favors the syn product. If R4 = H, the preferred transition structure leads to anti product. Reproduced from/. Org. Chem., 67, 1427 (2002), by permission of the American Chemical Society.

The heatpipe reformer process concept for hydrogen-rich syngas production. (Reproduced from Karellas, S., Metz, T., Kuhn, S., and Karl, J., Online analysis of the tar content of the product gas from biomass gasification. Application on the BIOHPR. 14th European Biomass Conference Exhibition, Biomass for Energy, Industry and Climate Protection, ETA-Renewable Energies, Paris, 2005. With permission.)... 

FIGURE 1.58 Scavenging of excess catalyst from crude synthetic reaction product. (Reproduced with permission from Biotage AB.)... 

Figure 5.15 The Biosil process. Si-OR alkoxide precursors ROH reaction by-products. (Reproduced from ref. 27b, with permission.)...

Figure 6.6 Schematic diagram of an anaerobic gas-solid fluidized bed fermenter for ethanol production. Reproduced from Hayes (1998) with permission.

Figure 2. Heat conduction (Seebeck effect) batch mixing calorimeter for three samples and one reference channel. After loading and establishing baselines, the assembly is inverted to mix reactants and start heat production. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 2. 1983, Alan R. Liss, Inc.)...

Figure 3.1 — (A) Configuration of p-nitrophenyl phosphate biosensor (a) common end of bifurcated bundle b) retaining 0-ring (c) inner nylon mesh with enzyme (d) outer nylon mesh (not drawn to scale). (B) Processes occurring at the biosensing tip a enzyme/scatter layer S enzymatic substrate P light absorbing product. (Reproduced from [34] with permission of the American Chemical Society).

From The Rules Governing Medicinal Products in the European Community. Vol. 4, Good Manufacturing Practice for Medicinal Products. Reproduced by permission of the European Union Publications Office, Luxembourg... 

Figure 11. Diagram of system used to carry out automated preconcentration and analysis of water samples. Detection accomplished with UV absorption and photochemical dehalogenation with subsequent fluorescence detection of the photochemical reaction products. (Reproduced with permission from reference 50. Copyright 1982 Vieweg.)...

Fig. 10.9. Left-hand side Rotational excitation functions Ja and Jb for the dissociation of H2O2 through the lowest two excited states, A and B, as functions of the initial torsional angle tpo- IFa and Wb represent the corresponding weighting functions. For definitions see Section 6.3. Right-hand side The resulting final rotational state distributions of the OH products. Reproduced from Schinke and Staemmler (1988).

Figure 3.5. World nitrogen fertilizer consumption by product. (Reproduced by permission of International Fertilizer Industry Association)...

Figure 11.1. Agrium s Carseland nitrogen operations ammonia and urea production (Reproduced by permission of Agrium Lie.)...

Figure 112. Raschig / Olin Process for Hydrazine Production (Reproduced by permission of Wiley-VCH)...

Spray pattern and container pressure for aerosol products for a metered dose product, reproducibility of actuated dose and defined limits for dose administered per actuation... 

Electron ionization (25 eV) mass spectra of picolinic esters from Go-octadenoic acid and ante-isononadecanoic acid. The fragment ion at mfz 151 corresponds to a McLafferty rearrangement product. Reproduced (modified) from Harvey D.J., Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 9,33,1982, with permission. 

Figure 7.29. A state diagram representing the position of various food products (Reproduced with permission from Effects of glass transition on processing and storage by Karel, Buera, and Roos (In The Glassy State in Foods, Blanshard and Lillford (Eds.)), 1993, Nottingham...

Figure 10.25 Phase diagram of NaAIH4 and its decomposition products. Reproduced with permission from [154], published by Elsevier, 2002.

Figure 7. a. MCR Conversion activity for ICR catalysts (Arabian Heavy AR). b. Normalized temperature for MCR removal (55% conversion target in whole liquid product). (Reproduced with permission from reference 49. Copyright 1993 Elsevier.)... 

Figure 2.1 Apparatus used for repetitive injection gas chromatography analysis of volatile polymer decomposition products. (Reproduced from the Journal of Chromatographic Science by permission of Preston Publications, a Division of Preston Industries, Inc)...

Figure 23.9 The temperature effect on C1-C4 contents of the gas products. (Reproduced from Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 60 (2), A. Karaduman, Flash pyrolysis of polystyrene wastes in a free-fall reactor under vacuum, 179-186(2001), with permission from Elsevier)...

Fig. 6-2. Theoretical prediction of the magnetic field dependence on the product yield (7(5)) in the reactions through radical pairs (a) the Ag mechanism (AgM), (b) the HFC mechanism (HFCM), (c) the mixed effect of the AgM and the HFCM, and (d) the LCM. The full curves indicate the magnetic field dependence of cage (escape) products produced from S-(T-) precursors. The broken curves indicate the dependence of escape (cage) products produced from S-(T-) precursors. In this figure, cage products mean those produced from singlet radical pairs. The curves for triplet states are omitted for simplicity, but they show similar dependence as those of escape products. (Reproduced from Ref. [34] by permission from The Chinese Chemical Society)...

Figure 9 Backscattered electron image of a region of a metasomatized type I chondnile from the CO chondrite Kainsaz (3.1). The chondnile contains clinoenstatite (cen), olivine (ol) metal, and sulfide grains (bright) and fine-grained mesostasis (mes). Primary anorthite has been extensively replaced by nephehne, which occurs as dark lamellae within the plagioclase. In addition the mesostasis has been partially replaced by salitic pyroxene which is also considered to be a metasomatic alteration product (reproduced by permission of Miner-alogical Society of America from Planetary Materials, 1998, 36, chap. 3, 3-1-3-398).

Fig. 23.1. ADP-driven volume and structural changes of mitochondria. Depending on the ADP concentration, the morphology of the interior changes as well as the volume of the mitochondrion, effectively regulating ATP production. Reproduced with permission [6]...

In a well-designed validation program, most of the effort should be spent on facilities, equipment, components, methods, and process qualification. In such a program, the formalized, final three-batch validation sequence provides only the necessary process validation documentation required by the FDA to show product reproducibility and a manufacturing process in a state of control. Such a strategy is consistent with the FDA preapproval inspection program directive. ... 

Hodges NA, Denyer SP, Hanlon GW, Reynolds JP. Preservative efficacy tests on formulated nasal products reproducibility and factors affecting preservative activity. ] Pharm Pharmacol 1996 48 1237-1242. 

Emulsifiers give benefits such as product reproducibility, processing tolerance and reliability leading to benefits of yield improvements thus cost savings. 

Figure 1. Relation between the soluble dietary fiber fraction and associated ash in wheat products. (Reproduced, with permission, from Rej. 11. Copyright 1980, American Society for Clinical Nutrition.)...

Figure 8.40 Approximate trajectory taken in ethanol-water-CTAB phase space during the EISA process. Point A corresponds to the initial composition of entrained solution, Point B is near the drying line, and Point C corresponds to the dried product. Reproduced with permission from [180]. Copyright (1999) Wiley-VCH...

Figure 4. be projection of (a) poly(l,ll-dodecadlyne) and (b) crosspolymerlzed product. (Reproduced from reference 2. Copyright 1983 American Chemical Society.)... 

Figure 6.8 IR spectroscopic changes upon the stepwise oxidation of Cp(PPh3)2 Ru 2(ii-C4) (3-Ph) from a) the neutral to the monocation, b) the monocation to the dication, and c) the dication to the trication in an IRRAS cell. Negative peaks indicate consumption of the starting material while positive peaks apply to the electrogenerated products. Reproduced with permission from ref. 62.

Effects of gene mutations on mRNA and protein products. (Reproduced, with permission, from Murray RK, Granner DK, Mayes PA, RodwellVW Harper s Biochemistry, 2S/e. NewYork, McGraw-Hill, 2000 4S8.)... 

Figure 3.22. Time-resolved FT-IR emission spectra (every 13 s) showing the increase in emissivity in the region 1650-1800 cm due to formation of oxidation products. Reproduced with permission from Blakey (2001).

The disciplines necessary to ensure registration of a product require the efficient research establishment to follow highly detailed routines of GLP. These routines reproduce in the laboratory environment the procedures, disciplines and systems comparable with the manufacturing operation. They have proved important to industrial research in maintaining consistency of manufacturing standards and product reproducibility. 

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