Reconstitution

There is always the possibility of laceration when hypodermic needles are inserted into rubber stoppered vials or when ampoules are broken prior to reconstitution. Greiff has described a method for enclosing the ampoule neck in a rubber sheath prior to reconstitution. The ampoule is then broken within this sheath and diluent injected through the sheath into the ampoule. This technique reduces both aerosol dissemination and the risk of laceration. It may be necessary to reconstitute a hazardous product within an enclosed safety cabinet to ensure personnel protection. 

If the experimenter reduces the detergent concentration of a detergent-phospholipid-membrane protein solution, prolis are created. A portion of the membrane protein is incorporated into the phospholipid membrane. Another portion aggregates. The incorporated membrane proteins can be incorporated functionally as active or inactive and in two different directions (outside out or inside out). Three variables determine the relative proportions  

The easiest method for lowering the detergent concentration is to dilute the solution of phospholipids, detergent, and membrane protein in a suitable buffer. The created prolis can imme-diatly be used in the flux assay or first concentrated or washed (e.g., by centrifuging). This method works well with cholate or deoxycholate solutions. The created SUVs are stable and tight because the residues of the bile salt stabilize the vesicle membrane similar to cholesterol. 

Regarding the choice of phospholipids most receptors, ion channels, and transporters work in membranes made from very different phospholipids, albeit with different degrees of cheerfulness. Phospholipids from yolk, brain, or soy beans with addition of cholesterol make good prolis. The experimenter who would like to fuse the vesicles with other membranes afterward (e.g., for electrophysiological investigations), needs special phospholipids (Rehm et al. 1989). 

The buffer in which the prolis were produced is the buffer that is later within the prolis. The experimenter can easily and quickly change the ion composition of the outer medium (e.g., while she pours the prolis over a gel filtration column equilibrated with another buffer). This yields pH gradients and ion gradients that due to the different permeability of the ions lead to the formation of electric potentials across the proli membrane. 

Ambesi, A., et al. (1991). Sequential Use of Detergents for Solubilization and Reconstitution of a Membrane Ion Transporter, Anal. Biochem. 198 312-317. 

There are two exceptions from this generalization, one of which is the transhydrogenase factor isolated from Rhodospirillum rvbrum chroma-tophores 109-112). This factor is obligatory for both energy-linked and non-energy-linked transhydrogenation its properties and function have already been reviewed (see Section III,D). Butlin 167 see also 7S) re- 

Enhancement of both ATP-driven and respiration-driven transhydrogenase in Escherichia coli by a protein factor was reported by Bragg and Hou (JM). This factor restored both ATPase activity as well as energy-linked transhydrogenase activity in factor-stripped membrane fragments. An energy-transfer factor from rat liver mitochondria was found to exert a similar stimulation on respiration-driven transhydrogenation in Escherichia coli (168). 

A different factor was isolated from Rhodopsevdomonas spheroides by Orlando (114) which only stimulated the light-driven transhydrogenase reaction and could be replaced by thiols 115). 

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The term bitumen is used in France to designate petroleum products, as in Great Britain and Germany. In the United States on the other hand, the equivalent material is designated by the expression asphalt-cement . In France, asphalt is a mastic, a mixture of bitumen and powdered minerals, poured in place. This mixture can be either natural or reconstituted by an industriai process. Asphait (French meaning) is utilized on roads, particularly in urban centers as well as for sidewalk surfacing. 

A software has been elaborated allowing the automation of this control and the reconstitution of 2D and 3D images of the controlled samples. 

The sweeping test, following X, Y and Z axes, on the aluminum plate containing four standard defects and the processing software comparing between the impedance variation of the sane reference and the sample to be controlled allow the reconstitution of an image of the piece. 

The results obtained by this probe are satisfactory. In fact, we have reconstitute the cartography of the piece presenting standard defect. 

FI4344 Reconstitution techniques qualification and evaluation to study ageing Dhenomena of nuclear oressure vessel materials Dr Eric Van Walle Studiecentrum voor kernenergie... 

Lai R, Kim FI, Garavito R M and Arnsdorf M F 1993 Imaging of reconstituted biological channels at molecular resolution by atomic force microscopy Am. J. Physiol. 265 C851... 

Oesterhelt and Schumann, 1974] Oesterhelt, D., and Schumann, L. Reconstitution of bacteriorhodopsin. FEBS Lett. 44 (1974) 262-265... 

Clarification and homogenization precede evaporating and dryiag. Homogenization of whole milk at 63—74°C with pressures of 17—24 MPa (2500—3500 psi) is particularly desirable for reconstitution and the preservation of quaUty. 

Agglomeration. The process of treating dried products, particularly nonfat products, ia order to iacrease speed and abHity to reconstitute those products, is known as instantizing or agglomeration. Particles are agglomerated iato larger particles which dissolve more easHy than smaH particles. In... 

Most of the Moco enzymes catalyze oxygen atom addition or removal from their substrates. Molybdenum usually alternates between oxidation states VI and IV. The Mo(V) state forms as an intermediate as the active site is reconstituted by coupled proton—electron transfer processes (62). The working of the Moco enzymes depends on the 0x0 chemistry of Mo (VI), Mo(V), and Mo (TV). 

A process has been developed (139) whereby up to 80% of the oil can be removed from whole, raw peanuts without the use of solvent. In this process, the blanched peanuts are brought to a proper moisture content, pressed mechanically, and then reshaped or reconstituted by dipping in hot water subsequently they can be roasted and salted, or used in confections or other formulations. Defatted peanuts may also be ground into meal and added to cookies, cakes, and many other products, where they impart a distinctly nutty flavor and cmnchy texture. On the other hand, the resulting high grade oil is refined and employed in cooking and industrial products. This process can also be used for pecans, walnuts, almonds, Brazil nuts, cashews, and other nuts (140-142). 

In an important next step, it has been found that flowers and other plant parts can be analyzed by using head space techniques without removing them from the living plant (3). It was immediately observed that there are remarkable differences in the volatile compositions observed from Hve and picked flowers. This is exemplified for jasmine flowers in Table 3. Reconstitutions produced from this information have provided perfumers with novel and fresh notes for use in their creations. This technique continues to be appHed to many kinds and varieties of flowers, leaves (herbs, spices), and fmits. The reasons for the remarkable differences observed are not known. 

Lyophilization. LyophiLization is essentially a drying technology. Some dmgs and biologicals are thermolabile and/or unstable in aqueous solution. Utilization of freeze drying permits the production of granules or powders that can be reconstituted by the addition of water, buffered solution, or mixed hydrophilic solvents just prior to use, eg, certain antibiotic suspensions. 

Methohexital [18652-93-2] (Brevital), C 4H gN202, (2) is a barbiturate iv anesthetic iaduction agent that has a slightly faster onset than thiopentone and less accumulation. The recovery from anesthesia is also slightly faster and better. However, iaduction is associated with an iacreased iacidence of excitatory phenomena. Methohexital also causes respiratory and cardiovascular depression and is unstable ia solution, necessitating reconstitution before use (99). 

Reconstitution of T-ceU deficiencies with thymic hormones has not been successhil even though the various hormone preparations induce prothymocyte differentiation and functions of mature T-ceUs. They do not regulate the maturation of thymocytes in the thymus. In contrast, IL-2, endotoxin, thymic epithehal cell products, but not interleukin 1, were found to promote functional maturation of immature thymocytes. Two classes of dmgs show thymomimetic actions (Table 2). Levamisole [14769-73-4], sodium salt of diethyl dithiocarbamate (imuthiol) and certain... 

Clinical Use. Vancomycin and teicoplanin as fomiulated dmgs are lyophilized powders to be reconstituted with sterile water for injection. Vancomycin hydrochloride [1404-93-9] is presented in vials of 500 mg that give 100—200 mL solution of pH 2.5—4.2. It is administered by slow (60 min) infusion at a dose of 500 mg every 6 h or 1 g every 12 h/d. The teicoplanin contains the five factors (87%) plus 13% of the pseudoaglycone T-A3-1. It is presented in vials containing 200 mg of lyophili ed power that after dissolution with 3 mL of solvent gives a solution at pH 7.5. The dose regimen is 200—800 mg/d by iv bolus adrninistration. 

Kits. Kits for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals are a convenient solution to synthesis of products containing short-Hved radionucHdes (eg, In, I, Tc) bound to a nonradio active moiety. The labeling step is performed either at a commercial radiopharmacy, or within the institutional nuclear medicine laboratory. The kits are usually stored as a frozen solution or lyophilized product. The material of interest is then metered out into kit dosages. The kit vials are thawed or reconstituted and mixed with the appropriate radionucHde. 

Technetium-9 9m sestamibi is used in myocardial perfusion imaging for the evaluation of ischemic heart disease. It is prepared from a lyophilized kit containing tetrakis(2-methoxy isobutyl isonittile) copper(I) tetrafluoroborate stored under nitrogen. Upon reconstitution with up to 5.6 GBq (150 mCi) of 99mTc pertechnetate, the product is formed by boiling for 10 minutes. 

Technetium-99m mertiatide (A/-[Ai-[A/-[(benzoylthio)acetyl]glycyl]glycine) is a renal imaging agent. It is excreted by the kidneys via active tubular secretion and glomerular filtration. The kit vial is reconstituted by using 740—3700 MBq (20—100 mCi) of Tc pertechnetate and boiling for 10 minutes. 

Technetium-99m mebrofenin is an iminodiacetic acid derivative used as a hepatobiliary agent. The kit is suppHed as a single vial containing lyopbilized mebrofenin. The reconstituted kit has 18-hour usage, owing to the preservative, propylparaben. 

General trends in radiopharmaceutical research emphasize the use of small peptides. These molecules, of which the agents mentioned for thrombosis localization are an example, exhibit rapid and specific binding, and rapid blood clearance, two important parameters for a successflil radiopharmaceutical. Peptides are readily labeled with Tc and lend themselves to formulation as lyophilized kits that can be rapidly and rehably reconstituted. Possible targets for these molecules are quite varied, ranging from atherosclerotic plaque to P-amyloid (for Alzheimer s disease), to a variety of somatic receptors the populations of which are increased or decreased in disease. 

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