Promoter function

Reconstitution of T-ceU deficiencies with thymic hormones has not been successhil even though the various hormone preparations induce prothymocyte differentiation and functions of mature T-ceUs. They do not regulate the maturation of thymocytes in the thymus. In contrast, IL-2, endotoxin, thymic epithehal cell products, but not interleukin 1, were found to promote functional maturation of immature thymocytes. Two classes of dmgs show thymomimetic actions (Table 2). Levamisole [14769-73-4], sodium salt of diethyl dithiocarbamate (imuthiol) and certain... 

Ereret T, Valable S, Chazalviel L, Saulnier R, Mackenzie ET, Petit E, Bemaudin M, Boulouard M, Schumann-Bard P. Delayed administration of deferoxamine reduces brain damage and promotes functional recovery after transient focal cerebral iscbemia in tbe rat. Eur J Neurosci 2006 23 1757-1765. 

Rouch, D.A., Parkhill, J., and Brown, N.L., Induction of bacterial mercury- and copper-responsive promoters Functional differences between inducible systems and implications for their use in gene-fusions for in vivo metal biosensors, J Ind Microbiol and Biotechnol, 14 (3), 349-353, 1995. 

The three class I ADH promoters are very similar. Prominent among the ds-act-ing elements that contribute to promoter function are the TATA box, a pair of C/ EBP sites (that can also be bound by DBP) flanking the TATA box, an E-box sequence (CACGTG) just upstream at which USF can bind, and a G3T sequence (that binds Spl) one helical turn further upstream from the E-box [28, 29]. Further upstream are CTF/NF-1 and HNF-1 sites, and some elements that are specific to only some of these genes [24]. Differences among the class I genes in these and other sites affect the tissue distribution and amount of expression. Sequence differences among individuals could well affect the level and site(s) of expression, and thereby the effects of alcohol. 

A promoter polymorphism at bp -361 [49, 50] affects promoter function. The G-allele is more active in H4IIE-C3 cells than the A-allele [49]. In the Japanese population, this polymorphism is in linkage disequilibrium with the structural polymorphism the inactive variant ALDH2 2 allele is more frequently associated with the G promoter allele [50]. Unlike the structural polymorphism, this promoter polymorphism is found in a wide variety of populations, including North-Ameri-can Caucasians and African Americans [49,50]. This makes it of possible pharma-cogenetic importance in affecting the risk for alcoholism or alcohol effects. 

A number of carboxylic acids other than acetic were investigated as solvents or promoters. All of these acids which were stable to reaction conditions were found to be effective in promoting glycol ester production (e.g., propionic, pivalic, benzoic, etc.). However, other Br nsted acids of non-carboxylic nature were not found to be effective promoters. Thus penta-chlorophenol, although it has a pKa value (4.82) very close to that of acetic acid (4.76), is not a comparable promoter (Table I, reaction 13). Likewise, phosphoric acid (pK 2.15) is not an effective solvent or co-solvent with acetic acid (Table I, reaction 8). Experiments with lower concentrations of these acids in sulfolane solvent also showed that carboxylic acids are unique in promoting glycol formation. The promoter function of carboxylic acids thus appears not to be dependent (only) upon their acidity, but on some other chemical or structural property. 

Bradbury, E. J., Moon, L. D., Popat, R. J. etal. Chondroitinase ABC promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Nature 416 636-640, 2002. 

The TAFs fulfill numerous functions (Review Burley and Boeder, 1996 Struhl and Moqtaderi, 1998). On the one hand they are ascribed a structure promoting function. Some of the TAFs display a high degree of homology to the histones H2A, H3 and H4, and it is speculated that they help to create a nucleosome-like structure at the promotor. Furthermore, the TAFs are targets for protein-protein interactions with transcriptional activators. TAFs also posses enzymatic activity. TAF11250 has both a histone acetylase activity and a protein kinase activity. While the former presumable plays a role in the reorganization of the nucleosome, the latter can lead to phosphorylation of TFIIF. 

IGF-BP3 binds to growth factor IGF (Insulin-like growth factor) and inhibits its growth promoting function... 

Stem cell therapy holds the promise to treat a broad range of diseases and injuries. The promise of stem cell therapy, particularly in the CNS, is in regenerating and reconstructing the original pathway to promote functional recovery, but it may be years before it emerges as... 

Initiation of RNA synthesis at random points in a DNA molecule would be an extraordinarily wasteful process. Instead, an RNA polymerase binds to specific sequences in the DNA called promoters, which direct the transcription of adjacent segments of DNA (genes). The sequences where RNA polymerases bind can be quite variable, and much research has focused on identifying the particular sequences that are critical to promoter function. 

FIGURE 28-2 Consensus sequence for many E. coli promoters. Most base substitutions in the -10 and —35 regions have a negative effect on promoter function. Some promoters also include the UP (upstream promoter) element (see Fig. 26-5). By convention, DNA sequences... 

Escherichia coli genes are transcribed once per second, others less than once per cell generation. Much of this variation is due to differences in promoter sequence. In the absence of regulatory proteins, differences in promoter sequences may affect the frequency of transcription initiation by a factor of 1,000 or more. Most E. coli promoters have a sequence close to a consensus (Fig. 28-2). Mutations that result in a shift away from the consensus sequence usually decrease promoter function conversely, mutations toward consensus usually enhance promoter function. 

Vitamin C is well known for its role in the prevention of the deficiency disease scurvy (15,17-19). Its nonvitamin health promotion functions are still under investigation and remain controversial. They include the modulation of hypertension, ischemic heart disease, cancer, cataracts, immune responses, and the common cold (3,6,15,17,25-41). 

Sidorenko LV, Li X, Cocciolone SM, Chopra S, Tagliani L, Bowen B, Daniels M, Peterson T. 2000. Complex structure of a maize Myb gene promoter Functional analysis in transgenic plants. Plant J 22 471-482. 

Hydrogen bonds appear to be essential in all enzyme-catalyzed reactions, although why they are essential and how they promote function is an open question. In recent years a specific hypothesis for their involvement in catalysis has emerged so-called low-barrier hydrogen bonds (LBHB) have been proposed to lower the transition state energy for many enzymatic reactions, including those of serine protease, citrate... 

Donier E, Rugiero F, Okuse K, Wood JN. 2005. Annexin II light chain pll promotes functional expression of acid-sensing ion channel ASICla. J Biol Chem 280(46) 38666-38672. 

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